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Steroid Hormones: Structure and Function
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Steroid Hormones: Structure and Function

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of steroid hormones in terms of solubility?

  • They are soluble in lipids and insoluble in water (correct)
  • They are soluble in both water and lipids
  • They are insoluble in both water and lipids
  • They are soluble in water and insoluble in lipids

    • What is the primary function of aldosterone?

  • Sex determination
  • Regulation of metabolism
  • Cell signaling
  • Osmoregulation (correct)

    • Why do steroid hormones require a transport protein in the blood?

  • Because they are too large to be transported alone
  • Because they are too unstable to be transported alone
  • Because they are hydrophobic and cannot dissolve in water-based blood (correct)
  • Because they are too small to be transported alone

    • What is the approximate half-life of cortisol?

    <p>Sixty to ninety minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do steroid hormones differ from non-steroid hormones in terms of their mode of action?

    <p>They are lipid soluble and can pass through the cell membrane directly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of thyroid hormone action on target tissues?

    <p>Binding to extracellular receptors in the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of G-proteins in non-steroid hormone action?

    <p>Activating adenyl cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the binding of a hormone to its receptor in non-steroid hormone action?

    <p>Production of second messengers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the receptors for steroid hormones?

    <p>Both b and c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate result of steroid hormone action on target cells?

    <p>Protein synthesis directed by mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of adenyl cyclase in non-steroid hormone action?

    <p>Converting ATP to cAMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of regulation is involved in the changes in ion or nutrient levels in the blood?

    <p>Humoral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a main endocrine gland?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the blood supply connecting the hypothalamus and pituitary?

    <p>Portal circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of feedback loop is involved in the regulation of hormone release?

    <p>Negative feedback loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who shared a Nobel Prize in 1977 for their research on hypothalamic releasing hormones?

    <p>Andrew Schally and Roger Guillemin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypothalamus in the context of the endocrine system?

    <p>To control the release of hormones from the anterior and posterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the production of ACTH, which in turn activates the cortisol axis?

    <p>Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Antidiuretic hormone/Vasopressin (ADH)?

    <p>Increasing water absorption into the blood by the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is synthesized in the lactotrophe cells of the anterior pituitary and is composed of 199 amino acids?

    <p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weight and diameter of the pituitary gland?

    <p>1g and 1cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the production of LH and FSH, which in turn stimulate the gonads?

    <p>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is released from the posterior pituitary and is involved in regulating sleep cycles?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in the regulation of basal metabolic rate and thermogenesis?

    <p>Thyroxine (T4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of prolactin in the body?

    <p>Stimulation of milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of testosterone in the testes?

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of vasopressor actions of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on vascular smooth muscle cells?

    <p>Constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in the regulation of water reabsorption in the kidneys?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of oxytocin on uterine smooth muscle cells during late pregnancy?

    <p>It becomes more sensitive to oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones are found only in animals and not in plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart produces a hormone that regulates body fluid volume and blood pressure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones are secreted only by endocrine glands.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All hormones are amino acid derivatives.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leptin is produced by the placenta.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones are not essential for our everyday survival and control.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tyrosine is used to synthesize Melatonin hormone

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Catecholamines regulate metabolism in the body

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dopamine stimulates the release of certain anterior pituitary hormones

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus is part of the peripheral nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The portal circulation connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrial-natriuretic peptide (ANP) is produced by the pituitary gland

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the maturation of eggs in the ovaries and sperm in the testes

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humoral regulation involves changes in hormone levels that initiate or inhibit the secretion of another hormone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Growth hormone is a peptide hormone

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is a small peptide hormone released by the pituitary gland.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The negative feedback loop is involved in the regulation of hormone release from the adrenal glands.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The autocrine control system involves the release of hormones that affect nearby cells or the same cell that produced the hormone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhibiting gonadal function is a primary function of oxytocin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamic-anterior pituitary pathway regulates the release of insulin from the pancreas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) are synthesized in the hypothalamus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    FSH stimulates the production of testosterone in the testes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adrenal glands produce only glucocorticoids (cortisol).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The posterior pituitary synthesizes and stores oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The risk of thyroid cancer increases 100 times due to autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Addison's Disease is characterized by high cortisol levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type 1 diabetes can be managed with diet and exercise alone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cut point for diagnosing diabetes is an HbA1c level of ≥5.5%.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microvascular complications of diabetes include Myocardial Infarction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type 1 Diabetes typically has a late onset.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Hormones are classified into two categories: non-steroid hormones, which are amino acid derivatives, peptides, or proteins, and steroid hormones, which are lipid-soluble and derived from cholesterol.

    • Non-steroid hormones are water-soluble, lipid-insoluble, and cannot pass through the cell membrane, so they act through second messengers, binding to receptors on cell membranes.

    • Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, can pass through the cell membrane directly, and enter the cell, triggering transcription of target genes to mRNA, which directs protein synthesis.

    • Endocrine control systems involve autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine regulation of hormone release, which can be influenced by humoral, hormonal, or neural factors.

    • The hypothalamus-pituitary axis is a key component of the endocrine system, with the hypothalamus controlling the release of hormones from the anterior and posterior pituitary.

    • The hypothalamus produces several releasing hormones, including thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulate the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), respectively.

    • The pituitary gland produces several hormones, including TSH, ACTH, growth hormone (GH), FSH, luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL), which regulate various physiological processes.

    • The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones, including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which increase basal metabolic rate and thermogenesis, and regulate sympathetic nerve activity.

    • The adrenal glands produce glucocorticoids (cortisol), which regulate metabolism, and aldosterone, which is involved in osmoregulation.

    • The gonads (ovaries and testes) produce sex hormones, including testosterone and estrogen, which regulate reproductive processes.

    • The pancreas produces insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels.

    • Steroid hormones have a longer half-life than non-steroid hormones due to their complex structure with transport proteins.

    • Endocrinology is the study of hormones, which are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to have an effect on other parts of the body.

    • Hormones are essential for everyday survival and control various physiological processes, including temperature, sleep, mood, appetite, metabolism, growth, puberty, fertility, and bone growth.

    • The main endocrine glands include the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads.

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