24 Questions
What is the definition of prejudice?
Hostile or negative feelings about people based on their membership in a certain group
How do social learning principles contribute to the formation of attitudes?
Through classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Why does multiculturalism better diminish ethnic discrimination compared to color-blindness?
Because it involves celebrating differences in combination with learning about other cultures
What contributes to the strength and accessibility of stereotypes?
Believing others agree with our stereotypes increases their strength and accessibility
How do cognitive biases contribute to stereotypes and prejudice?
By influencing our perceptions and judgments of others based on their group membership
What is the role of social categorization in contributing to stereotypes?
It leads to the classification of individuals into social groups and the formation of ingroups and outgroups
What contributes to the formation of attitudes according to social learning principles?
The influence of peers in forming attitudes and behaviors
In collectivistic cultures, what is the attitude towards obese people?
Put less blame on obese people for their weight
What is meta-stereotype?
Beliefs about the stereotypes that outgroup members hold about your own group
At what age does gender stereotype learning begin?
By age five
What do collectivistic cultures emphasize regarding the role of situations in relation to overweight individuals?
Emphasize the role of situations
Which of the following is a negative consequence of stereotypes as mentioned in the text?
Behavioral confirmation
What is stereotype threat?
Fear that behavior may confirm an existing cultural stereotype and disrupts performance
How do people in disadvantaged groups experience reduced psychological well-being?
Due to perceived prejudice and discrimination
What is reverse discrimination?
Preferential treatment shown to those in stereotyped groups
How can the effects of prejudice be minimized according to the text?
Disengaging from negative feedback, comparing outcomes to in-group members, and increasing in-group identification
What are the detrimental effects of positive stereotypes as discussed in the text?
Hostile sexism, benevolent sexism, and aversive prejudice
How can stereotypes be overcome according to the text?
Social and cognitive interventions such as training and education, perspective-taking, and motivation to avoid stereotyping
Which of the following is a consequence of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination?
In-group favouritism
What leads to the underestimation of the variability of out-group members compared to in-group members?
Out-group homogeneity effect
Which cognitive bias involves overestimating the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated?
Illusory correlation
What personality variable refers to the extent to which one wants their in-group to dominate and be superior to out-groups?
Social dominance orientation
What model explains that people within a group are more often compared to others within that group rather than to people in other groups?
Shifting standards model
Which measure of stereotypes involves a fake lie-detector test?
Bogus pipeline
Study Notes
Negative Consequences of Stereotyping and Ways to Overcome Them
- Stereotypes lead to negative consequences such as behavioral confirmation, stereotype threat, reduced psychological well-being, and reverse discrimination
- Behavioral confirmation/self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when individuals seek, interpret, and create information that verifies their own beliefs
- Stereotype threat leads to fear that behavior may confirm an existing cultural stereotype and disrupts performance
- Reduced psychological well-being is experienced by people in disadvantaged groups due to perceived prejudice and discrimination
- Strategies for minimizing the effects of prejudice include disengaging from negative feedback, comparing outcomes to in-group members, and increasing in-group identification
- Reverse discrimination occurs when preferential treatment is shown to those in stereotyped groups
- Positive stereotypes can have detrimental effects, leading to hostile sexism, benevolent sexism, and aversive prejudice
- Stereotyping is inevitable due to the automatic activation, difficulty of suppression, and persistence of subtle forms of discrimination
- Stereotypes are activated automatically and are hard to suppress, leading to the ignoring of disconfirming evidence
- Subtle discrimination persists despite less prevalent explicit stereotypes
- Social and cognitive interventions can help overcome stereotypes through training and education, perspective-taking, and motivation to avoid stereotyping
- Culture influences prejudice and stereotypes, varying in degree and content, as seen in the racial democracy theory in the U.S.
Test your knowledge about how stereotypes can lead to negative consequences, including behavioral confirmation, stereotype threat, and reduced psychological well-being. Explore the impact of stereotypes on behaviors and attitudes.
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