Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is required for maintaining sterile conditions in cell culture?
What is required for maintaining sterile conditions in cell culture?
Which component is NOT typically found in a growth medium for cell culture?
Which component is NOT typically found in a growth medium for cell culture?
What is the purpose of using trypsin during cell culture?
What is the purpose of using trypsin during cell culture?
At what temperature should cells be stored for long-term storage?
At what temperature should cells be stored for long-term storage?
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What is one advantage of using three-dimensional cultures over traditional two-dimensional cultures?
What is one advantage of using three-dimensional cultures over traditional two-dimensional cultures?
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What characteristic allows stem cells to proliferate and renew their population?
What characteristic allows stem cells to proliferate and renew their population?
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What type of stem cells are capable of supporting homeostasis and regeneration in adult tissues?
What type of stem cells are capable of supporting homeostasis and regeneration in adult tissues?
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From which initial cell does every cell in a multi-cellular organism derive?
From which initial cell does every cell in a multi-cellular organism derive?
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Under what conditions can stem cells be induced to differentiate into specialized cells?
Under what conditions can stem cells be induced to differentiate into specialized cells?
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What type of stem cells can build novel tissues and organs?
What type of stem cells can build novel tissues and organs?
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Which of the following statements is false regarding stem cells?
Which of the following statements is false regarding stem cells?
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What aspect of stem cells contributes to maintaining the renewal of tissues with high turnover rates?
What aspect of stem cells contributes to maintaining the renewal of tissues with high turnover rates?
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What is NOT true about the reproduction of stem cells?
What is NOT true about the reproduction of stem cells?
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What is the primary function of cell isolation and culture?
What is the primary function of cell isolation and culture?
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Which breakthrough in the 1950s improved vertebrate cell culture techniques?
Which breakthrough in the 1950s improved vertebrate cell culture techniques?
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What were the first reported primary cultures in cell isolation?
What were the first reported primary cultures in cell isolation?
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How is the growth of cultured cells influenced in a laboratory setting?
How is the growth of cultured cells influenced in a laboratory setting?
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What technological advancements made vertebrate cell culture more accessible in the 1950s?
What technological advancements made vertebrate cell culture more accessible in the 1950s?
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What major benefit does cell culture provide in biological research?
What major benefit does cell culture provide in biological research?
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Which option accurately reflects the significance of cell culture in biology?
Which option accurately reflects the significance of cell culture in biology?
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Which of the following was NOT part of the early techniques in cell culture?
Which of the following was NOT part of the early techniques in cell culture?
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What type of stem cells can differentiate into any cell type and can divide indefinitely?
What type of stem cells can differentiate into any cell type and can divide indefinitely?
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Which stem cells are defined as having the potential to differentiate into a limited number of cell lineages?
Which stem cells are defined as having the potential to differentiate into a limited number of cell lineages?
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What is the role of the stem cell niche?
What is the role of the stem cell niche?
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What characterizes unipotent stem cells?
What characterizes unipotent stem cells?
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Which statement is true regarding asymmetric cell division in stem cells?
Which statement is true regarding asymmetric cell division in stem cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a source of mesenchymal stromal cells?
Which of the following is NOT a source of mesenchymal stromal cells?
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What developmental stage is associated with totipotent stem cells?
What developmental stage is associated with totipotent stem cells?
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What is the significance of stem cells in regenerative medicine?
What is the significance of stem cells in regenerative medicine?
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What defines pluripotent stem cells?
What defines pluripotent stem cells?
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What is one key advantage of cell isolation and culture?
What is one key advantage of cell isolation and culture?
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Which method is NOT typically involved in the initial phase of cell isolation protocols?
Which method is NOT typically involved in the initial phase of cell isolation protocols?
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What characteristic defines normal finite cell lines?
What characteristic defines normal finite cell lines?
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Which type of cell culture is characterized by cells that grow on surfaces?
Which type of cell culture is characterized by cells that grow on surfaces?
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Which of the following is NOT a method for tissue collection used in cell isolation?
Which of the following is NOT a method for tissue collection used in cell isolation?
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What is the aim of the separation phase in cell isolation?
What is the aim of the separation phase in cell isolation?
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Which of these statements about selective culture media is true?
Which of these statements about selective culture media is true?
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What is one challenge faced during the process of cell isolation?
What is one challenge faced during the process of cell isolation?
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Which statement about continuous cell lines is correct?
Which statement about continuous cell lines is correct?
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In which phase is the extracellular matrix and intercellular junctions broken down?
In which phase is the extracellular matrix and intercellular junctions broken down?
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Study Notes
Copyright Warning
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- Reproduction, even in part, by any means (analog or digital) without the rights holder's consent is forbidden.
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- Limited private and study use is permitted but commercial purposes are prohibited.
Stem Cells and Differentiation
- Stem cells are cells from embryos, fetuses, or adults with the ability to self-renew and differentiate into specialized cells.
- This ability is crucial for organismal development and tissue repair.
- Adult tissues with high cell turnover rates have tissue-specific stem cells.
What is a Stem Cell?
- A stem cell is a cell originating from an embryo, fetus, or adult that has the ability to self-renew.
- These cells can, under certain conditions, replenish their population for prolonged periods.
- Adult stem cells persist throughout the life of the organism.
- Stem cells give rise to the specialized cells forming tissues and organs.
Stem Cells: Zygote to Adult
- All cells in multicellular organisms originate from a single cell: the zygote.
- The zygote eventually develops into an embryo and then an adult.
- Embryonic stem cells are a type that stem cells that are pluripotent and able to differentiate into all three germ layers.
- Adult stem cells can potentially generate many different types of tissue cells, depending on the tissue.
What Can Stem Cells Do?
- Embryonic stem cells can generate novel tissues and organs.
- Fetal stem cells aid in the growth of developing tissues and organs.
- Adult stem cells support the homeostasis and repair of adult tissues/organs.
Stem Cell Properties
- Self-renewal (clonogenicity): Stem cells can self-replicate maintaining their undifferentiated state, sometimes after periods of inactivity.
- Differentiation potential: Under specific conditions, stem cells can be directed towards specialized cells with diverse functions and morphology.
Stem Cell Properties (Continued)
- Stem cells divide to maintain their undifferentiated state in a process called symmetric division.
- Stem cells divide to form specialized cells undergoing the asymmetric division process.
Stem Cell Properties (Continued)
- Stem cells usually produce progenitor cells before differentiating into fully specialized cells.
Stem Cell Classification
- Stem cells are categorized according to their differentiation potential and origin.
- Totipotent: Can form all cell types, including extraembryonic membranes (e.g., zygotes).
- Pluripotent: Can form all cell types in the three primary germ layers (e.g., embryonic stem cells).
- Multipotent: Differentiate into cell types within a specific germ layer (e.g., hematopoietic stem cells).
- Oligopotent: Can differentiate into a limited range of cell types (e.g., neural stem cells).
- Unipotent: Differentiate into only one cell type (e.g., hepatocytes).
Stem Cell Properties (Potential Differentiated Fates)
- The potential of a stem cell to differentiate into various cell types decreases during development.
- Zygotes are totipotent, embryos are pluripotent, while adult stem cells are multipotent or unipotent.
Stem Cell Properties (Embryo Stem Cells-Totipotent)
- Totipotent stem cells can divide indefinitely.
- They can develop into all cell types of an embryo, and even cells outside the embryo (e.g., extraembryonic membranes).
- Totipotent stem cells lose this capability in the morula stage.
Stem Cell Properties (Pluripotent Stem Cells)
- Pluripotent stem cells, derived from the inner cell mass, can form all cell types in the three primary germ layers.
- They cannot form extraembryonic tissues.
Stem Cell Properties (Multipotent Cells)
- Embryonic stem cells develop into multipotent stem cells as the embryo develops.
- These cells can differentiate into a variety of cell types, but not all, within a specific germ layer.
Stem Cell Properties (Oligopotent Stem Cells)
- Can differentiate into limited-number of related cell lineages.
Unipotent Stem Cells
- Can only become one type of cell. They divide indefinitely and differentiate into only one specialized cell type.
Stem Cell Niche
- Specialized microenvironment surrounding a stem cell population.
- Appropriate composition of growth factors, chemical and physical signals, and humoral mediators.
- Regulates proliferation, and differentiation of stem cells.
The Promise of Regenerative Medicine
- Adult stem cells exhibit a declining ability to self-renew and generate specialized cells with age.
- Regenerative medicine seeks to utilize stem cell characteristics and properties to promote tissue regeneration.
Stem Cell Sources
- Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs): Derived from various connective tissues (e.g., bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord).
- These cells show promising immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, neurotrophic, and angiogenetic capacities.
Stem Cell Sources (Continued)
- Stem cells have several properties that make them valuable for research applications.
- Possessing an immunologically privileged phenotype is valuable for allogeneic transplantation without immune rejection.
- Stem cells have innate migration potential which are valuable for targeting injured sites.
- Stem cells are more resistant to oxidative stress.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
- iPSCs are created by reprogramming adult cells into a pluripotent state, using transcription factors.
- Scientists use these mature cells to treat diseases. This discovery was recognised with a Nobel Prize.
Research Timeline
- Stem cell research publications have increased significantly over time.
Cell Isolation and Culture: Overview
- Isolating and culturing cells is a complex process.
- Tissue is first separated, cells are detached, then cells of interest are separated with further protocols.
- Sterile conditions and appropriate equipment are essential.
Cell Isolation and Culture: Advantages
- Obtaining large quantities of cells,
- Studying various cellular activities (e.g., cell movement, division, signalling)
- Studying cell differentiation
- Assessing responses to substances (drugs, hormones, etc.)
Cell Isolation and Culture: Procedures
- Removing cells from multi-cellular organisms.
- Cultivating stem cells in sterile, artificial environments using procedures and protocols.
- Using specialized equipment (e.g., laminar flow hoods, incubators, centrifuges).
- Using appropriate culture media containing essential nutrients, growth factors, hormones and gases.
Cell Isolation and Culture: Finite vs. Continuous Cell Lines
- Normal cells divide for a finite number of times, which is also termed as senescence.
- Some cell lines can overcome and sustain division, becoming immortal, and are therefore called continuous cell lines.
Cell Isolation and Culture: Types of Cells
- Adherent cells grow on surfaces (e.g., flask walls).
- Suspension cells grow in a suspension without attaching to a surface.
Cell Isolation and Culture: Requirements
- Sterile conditions and appropriate equipment (e.g., laminar flow hoods, incubators, centrifuges, etc.)
- Specific isolation and culture protocols are critical for successful cell isolation and culture processes.
Cell Isolation and Culture: 3D Culture
- 3D cultures replicate the normal cellular environment.
- 3D culture systems can observe interactions between cells, mimicking cellular processes more realistically.
- 3D printing is an innovative technique utilizing biocompatible materials (bioinks) to structure living tissues.
Cell Isolation and Culture: Long-term Storage
- Cell storage is often at temperatures below 80'°C or 130'°C, along with the use of cryoprotective agents to maintain cell viability.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of stem cells, including their origins, self-renewal capacity, and role in differentiation. It delves into how these cells contribute to organismal development and tissue repair. Ideal for students studying cell biology or related fields.
