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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of totipotent cells?
What is the primary characteristic of totipotent cells?
- They are restricted to forming muscle cells.
- They are only found in adults.
- They can divide to produce all differentiated cells in an organism. (correct)
- They can differentiate into specialized cells only.
A morula consists of approximately 16 differentiated cells.
A morula consists of approximately 16 differentiated cells.
False (B)
What stage of development follows the morula stage in human embryology?
What stage of development follows the morula stage in human embryology?
blastocyst
The cells that can differentiate into all cell types needed in the body are known as __________ cells.
The cells that can differentiate into all cell types needed in the body are known as __________ cells.
Match the terms with their definitions:
Match the terms with their definitions:
What do tissue engineers use pluripotent embryonic stem cells for?
What do tissue engineers use pluripotent embryonic stem cells for?
Multipotent cells can produce all types of specialized cells in the body.
Multipotent cells can produce all types of specialized cells in the body.
At what stage are cells considered to be pluripotent?
At what stage are cells considered to be pluripotent?
The __________ mass becomes more specialized and begins to differentiate into various cell types.
The __________ mass becomes more specialized and begins to differentiate into various cell types.
How many hours after fertilization does the zygote divide into four cells?
How many hours after fertilization does the zygote divide into four cells?
What is a defining feature of pluripotent stem cells?
What is a defining feature of pluripotent stem cells?
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be generated from somatic cells.
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be generated from somatic cells.
Describe the process of differentiation in stem cells.
Describe the process of differentiation in stem cells.
The main source of pluripotent stem cells in humans is __________.
The main source of pluripotent stem cells in humans is __________.
Match the following types of stem cells to their characteristics:
Match the following types of stem cells to their characteristics:
Which of the following is a benefit of stem cells?
Which of the following is a benefit of stem cells?
Terminal differentiation means that a cell can still change into other cell types.
Terminal differentiation means that a cell can still change into other cell types.
What is self-renewal in the context of stem cells?
What is self-renewal in the context of stem cells?
Adult stem cells such as haematopoietic stem cells are an example of __________ cells.
Adult stem cells such as haematopoietic stem cells are an example of __________ cells.
Match the type of stem cells to their sources:
Match the type of stem cells to their sources:
Who isolated mouse embryonic stem cells for the first time?
Who isolated mouse embryonic stem cells for the first time?
The term ‘Embryonic stem cell’ was coined by James Thomson.
The term ‘Embryonic stem cell’ was coined by James Thomson.
What type of stem cells are known for their ability to differentiate into any cell type?
What type of stem cells are known for their ability to differentiate into any cell type?
In what year was a limit placed on Federal funding for hESC research?
In what year was a limit placed on Federal funding for hESC research?
Match the following individuals with their contributions to stem cell research:
Match the following individuals with their contributions to stem cell research:
What is the primary ethical concern associated with embryonic stem cells?
What is the primary ethical concern associated with embryonic stem cells?
IPSCs are genetically reprogrammed adult cells that mimic embryonic stem cells.
IPSCs are genetically reprogrammed adult cells that mimic embryonic stem cells.
Why are iPSCs unlikely to result in immune rejection?
Why are iPSCs unlikely to result in immune rejection?
The introduction of reprogramming factors into adult cells is currently done using ______.
The introduction of reprogramming factors into adult cells is currently done using ______.
What significant event did James Thomson achieve in 1998?
What significant event did James Thomson achieve in 1998?
What defines pluripotent stem cells?
What defines pluripotent stem cells?
Adult stem cells can differentiate into all specialized cell types in the body.
Adult stem cells can differentiate into all specialized cell types in the body.
What is the importance of self-renewal in stem cells?
What is the importance of self-renewal in stem cells?
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are generated from __________ cells.
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are generated from __________ cells.
Match the type of stem cell with its definition:
Match the type of stem cell with its definition:
What is a stage that precedes differentiation in stem cells?
What is a stage that precedes differentiation in stem cells?
Terminal differentiation means a cell can still change into other cell types.
Terminal differentiation means a cell can still change into other cell types.
What are the two main types of stem cells based on maturity?
What are the two main types of stem cells based on maturity?
The process by which a cell changes from one type to another is called __________.
The process by which a cell changes from one type to another is called __________.
Which of the following tissues requires the maintenance of stem cells?
Which of the following tissues requires the maintenance of stem cells?
What type of cells can give rise to all types of specialized cells in an organism but not the cells needed for early embryo development?
What type of cells can give rise to all types of specialized cells in an organism but not the cells needed for early embryo development?
A morula consists of approximately 4 differentiated cells.
A morula consists of approximately 4 differentiated cells.
What is formed when a sperm meets an egg?
What is formed when a sperm meets an egg?
The stage of development that consists of 50-100 cells is known as the __________.
The stage of development that consists of 50-100 cells is known as the __________.
Which type of cell can give rise to certain lineages of somatic cells?
Which type of cell can give rise to certain lineages of somatic cells?
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
The inner cell mass (ICM) of the blastocyst becomes the trophoblast.
The inner cell mass (ICM) of the blastocyst becomes the trophoblast.
What is the main characteristic of totipotent cells?
What is the main characteristic of totipotent cells?
The cells of the inner cell mass (ICM) start to differentiate into all types of cells needed in the body, which renders them __________.
The cells of the inner cell mass (ICM) start to differentiate into all types of cells needed in the body, which renders them __________.
At what point do cells start to differentiate from their original state?
At what point do cells start to differentiate from their original state?
What significant advancement in stem cell research was made by James Thomson in 1998?
What significant advancement in stem cell research was made by James Thomson in 1998?
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are derived from embryonic stem cells.
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are derived from embryonic stem cells.
In which year were mouse embryonic stem cells first isolated?
In which year were mouse embryonic stem cells first isolated?
The destruction of the embryo is a significant ethical concern associated with __________ cells.
The destruction of the embryo is a significant ethical concern associated with __________ cells.
Match the following researchers with their contributions to stem cell research:
Match the following researchers with their contributions to stem cell research:
What is the primary characteristic of pluripotent stem cells?
What is the primary characteristic of pluripotent stem cells?
Proposition 71 aimed to establish the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine.
Proposition 71 aimed to establish the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine.
What are adult stem cells an example of?
What are adult stem cells an example of?
Viruses are currently used to introduce the __________ factors into adult cells.
Viruses are currently used to introduce the __________ factors into adult cells.
Which of the following statements about iPSCs is true?
Which of the following statements about iPSCs is true?
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Study Notes
Stem Cells Overview
- Stem cells are vital for cell-based therapies due to their abilities of self-renewal and potency.
- Self-renewal allows stem cells to replicate while remaining undifferentiated.
- Potency refers to the ability to differentiate into various specialized cell types.
Importance of Stem Cells
- Stem cells maintain their population throughout life, ensuring tissue function.
- Critical for the maintenance of tissues such as blood, skin, gut, and muscle.
Differentiation Process
- Differentiation is a multi-stage process where cells change from one type to another, promoting cellular specialization.
- Key stages include specification, determination, and terminal differentiation.
Types of Stem Cells
- Pluripotent cells: Embryonic stem cells capable of differentiating into nearly any cell type.
- Multipotent cells: Adult stem cells, such as hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, limited to specific lineages.
- Totipotent cells: Can give rise to all cell types, including extraembryonic tissues.
Stem Cell Development
- Initial zygote stage features totipotent cells that eventually form a morula and then a blastocyst.
- Inner cell mass from the blastocyst gives rise to pluripotent stem cells.
Key Terminology
- Totipotent: Can develop into all differentiated cell types and support early embryo formation.
- Pluripotent: Can differentiate into all major cell types except those needed for early embryonic development.
- Multipotent: Limited differentiation potential restricted to specific lineages.
Historical Milestones
- 1981: First isolation of mouse embryonic stem cells by Martin Evans and Matthew Kaufman.
- 1981: Gail Martin coines the term "Embryonic stem cell."
- 1998: James Thomson successfully isolates and grows human embryonic stem cells.
- 2007: Shinya Yamanaka publishes the derivation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Ethical Considerations
- Human embryonic stem cell research is controversial due to the destruction of embryos involved.
- Federal funding for hESC research was limited starting August 2001.
- Proposition 71 in California led to the establishment of the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM).
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
- Created by genetically reprogramming adult cells to a stem cell-like state through "de-differentiation."
- Currently, viral methods are used to introduce reprogramming factors.
- iPSCs are likely to match the donor closely, minimizing risks of immune rejection.
Stem Cells Overview
- Stem cells are vital for cell-based therapies due to their abilities of self-renewal and potency.
- Self-renewal allows stem cells to replicate while remaining undifferentiated.
- Potency refers to the ability to differentiate into various specialized cell types.
Importance of Stem Cells
- Stem cells maintain their population throughout life, ensuring tissue function.
- Critical for the maintenance of tissues such as blood, skin, gut, and muscle.
Differentiation Process
- Differentiation is a multi-stage process where cells change from one type to another, promoting cellular specialization.
- Key stages include specification, determination, and terminal differentiation.
Types of Stem Cells
- Pluripotent cells: Embryonic stem cells capable of differentiating into nearly any cell type.
- Multipotent cells: Adult stem cells, such as hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, limited to specific lineages.
- Totipotent cells: Can give rise to all cell types, including extraembryonic tissues.
Stem Cell Development
- Initial zygote stage features totipotent cells that eventually form a morula and then a blastocyst.
- Inner cell mass from the blastocyst gives rise to pluripotent stem cells.
Key Terminology
- Totipotent: Can develop into all differentiated cell types and support early embryo formation.
- Pluripotent: Can differentiate into all major cell types except those needed for early embryonic development.
- Multipotent: Limited differentiation potential restricted to specific lineages.
Historical Milestones
- 1981: First isolation of mouse embryonic stem cells by Martin Evans and Matthew Kaufman.
- 1981: Gail Martin coines the term "Embryonic stem cell."
- 1998: James Thomson successfully isolates and grows human embryonic stem cells.
- 2007: Shinya Yamanaka publishes the derivation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Ethical Considerations
- Human embryonic stem cell research is controversial due to the destruction of embryos involved.
- Federal funding for hESC research was limited starting August 2001.
- Proposition 71 in California led to the establishment of the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM).
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
- Created by genetically reprogramming adult cells to a stem cell-like state through "de-differentiation."
- Currently, viral methods are used to introduce reprogramming factors.
- iPSCs are likely to match the donor closely, minimizing risks of immune rejection.
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