Embryonic Stem Cells Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which type of stem cells can differentiate into any of the over 200 different cell types found in the body?

  • Totipotent Stem Cells
  • Multipotent Stem Cells
  • Adult Stem Cells
  • Pluripotent Stem Cells (correct)

    • Totipotent stem cells are found only in adult tissues.

    False

    What is the primary characteristic of stem cells that allows them to self-renew?

    Self-Renewal

    ________ stem cells are harvested from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst seven to ten days after fertilization.

    <p>Embryonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of stem cell with its source:

    <p>Embryonic stem cells = Inner cell mass of blastocyst Fetal stem cells = Germline tissues of aborted fetuses Umbilical cord stem cells = Umbilical cord blood Placenta-derived stem cells = Placenta tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stem cell has a more limited ability to differentiate, but has a history of success in therapies?

    <p>Multipotent Stem Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pluripotent stem cells can only form a complete organism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one source of adult stem cells.

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of patients typically have an HLA-identical sibling?

    <p>25 to 30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marrow donation from unrelated living donors is a complex procedure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for the need for alternative donors in bone marrow transplantation?

    <p>Only 25 to 30% of patients have an HLA-identical sibling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autologous transplantation involves the removal of the patient's own __________ when a complete remission has been induced.

    <p>marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of autologous bone marrow transplantation?

    <p>Possible contamination of the marrow with tumor cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of donor to its description:

    <p>HLA-identical sibling = Best chance for successful transplant Unrelated living donor = Expanding national and international registries Autologous donor = Uses patient's own marrow Related but non-HLA identical donor = Increasingly used with lower success rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Post-transplant problems with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are significant with autologous BMT.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two major obstacles remaining for successful application of autologous BMT?

    <p>Contamination of marrow with tumor cells and absence of graft-versus-tumor activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model describes the channel activation due to changes in the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton?

    <p>Force-from-filaments model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose is the primary energy source for metabolic processes in living organisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hexokinase in glucose metabolism?

    <p>To phosphorylate glucose and trap it in the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The general chemical formula of carbohydrates can be represented as Cn (H2O) n, where 'n' indicates the number of __________.

    <p>carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of carbohydrate with its description:

    <p>Starch = A complex carbohydrate stored in plants Glycogen = A stored form of glucose in animals Simple sugars = Monosaccharides like glucose and fructose Complex sugars = Polysaccharides composed of multiple monosaccharide units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of calcium in mechanosensitive ion channels?

    <p>Calcium acts as a signal molecule to trigger vesicular release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phosphofructokinase is classified as an enzyme involved in the preparatory phase of glycolysis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium-permeable mechanosensitive channels respond to __________, leading to the release of biopharmaceuticals.

    <p>music</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do amylase enzymes play in the body?

    <p>They break down starch into sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood glucose levels can vary by as much as 50% throughout the day.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical blood sugar level in humans in mg/dL?

    <p>90 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pancreas secretes hormones such as _______ and _______ to regulate blood sugar levels.

    <p>insulin, glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the organ systems with their role in blood sugar regulation:

    <p>Intestines = Absorption of nutrients, including glucose Liver = Storage of glucose Pancreas = Secretion of insulin and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood glucose levels after eating a meal high in starch or sugar?

    <p>They increase significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pancreas only secretes insulin to lower blood sugar levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glucagon?

    <p>To raise blood sugar levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal set-point for blood sugar levels in mg/dL?

    <p>80-110</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frequent monitoring of blood glucose levels can help maintain insulin administration within a normal range.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of glucose level monitoring systems mentioned?

    <p>Blood Glucose Meters (BGM) and Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) systems consist of a glucose sensor, a transmitter, and a small external ______________.

    <p>monitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Hypoglycemic = Low glucose levels Hyperglycemic = High glucose levels Insulin pump = Delivers insulin when needed Urine glucose monitoring = Not recommended for diabetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is monitoring glucose in urine not recommended for diabetics?

    <p>Both B and C are correct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type II diabetics cannot experience hypoglycemia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of a recent study on intensive management of blood sugar levels among type I diabetics?

    <p>It resulted in a significantly decreased mortality rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of GLUT1 in alpha cells?

    <p>Transporting glucose at lower concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alpha cells are primarily responsive to increases in blood glucose concentration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common name for the syndrome associated with GLUT1 deficiency?

    <p>Common GLUT1 deficiency syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In individuals with common GLUT1 deficiency syndrome, normal growth of the brain and skull may result in a condition known as ______.

    <p>microcephaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms to GLUT1 deficiency syndrome:

    <p>Frequent seizures = Common symptom Involuntary eye movements = First sign in newborns Normal head size at birth = Initial condition Developmental delay = Possible negative effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Km value for glucokinase in relation to glucose?

    <p>5.5 mM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GLUT1 deficiency syndrome typically has no neurological symptoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of impaired glucose transport in GLUT1 deficiency syndrome?

    <p>Insufficient glucose for brain function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) are harvested from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, a stage in early embryonic development.
    • Adult Stem Cells (ASCs) are found in various adult tissues and can differentiate into a limited number of cell types.
    • Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) are created by reprogramming adult cells into a pluripotent state.
    • Stem cells are categorized by their differentiation potential: totipotent (capable of forming a complete organism), pluripotent (capable of forming any cell type), and multipotent (capable of forming a limited number of cell types).
    • Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent.
    • Adult stem cells are multipotent.
    • iPSCs are pluripotent.
    • Self-renewal is the ability of stem cells to divide and make identical copies of themselves.
    • Differentiation is the process by which stem cells become specialized cells with specific functions.

    Stem Cell Types and Examples

    • Totipotent: Cells that can develop into any cell type in an organism, including extraembryonic tissues. Cells from early (1-3 days) embryos.
    • Pluripotent: Cells that can form any of the over 200 cell types. Some cells of the blastocyst stage (5-14 days).
    • Multipotent: Cells that are already differentiated but can potentially form a limited number of other cell types. Fetal tissue, cord blood, and adult stem cells.

    Stem Cell Sources

    • Embryonic stem cells
    • Fetal stem cells
    • Umbilical cord stem cells
    • Placenta derived stem cells
    • Adult stem cells

    Stem Cell Applications

    • Study organism growth and development.
    • Replace diseased or damaged cells.
    • Test drugs and chemicals on stem cells.
    • Understand genetic machinery.

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    Stem Cells PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the various types of stem cells, including embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. You will learn about their origin, classification by differentiation potential, and key concepts such as self-renewal and differentiation. Test your knowledge on these fundamental topics in stem cell biology.

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