Statistics Units 4 & 5 Quiz Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

In a normal distribution, what percentage of data falls within one standard deviation above and one standard deviation below the mean?

  • 50%
  • 68% (correct)
  • 75%
  • 95%

Where is the mean located in relation to the median and mode in a negatively skewed curve?

  • Smaller than the median and mode, and to the left (correct)
  • To the right of the median and mode
  • At the same point as the median and mode
  • Larger than the median and mode

What effect do extreme scores have on the median and mode in a skewed distribution?

  • They only affect the mode
  • They change the mean but not the mode
  • They affect both the median and mode by pulling them toward one side (correct)
  • They have no effect on any measure of central tendency

How does the mean relate to the median in a positively skewed distribution?

<p>The mean is smaller than the median (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the mode in a skewed distribution?

<p>It remains under the highest part of the curve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding a normal curve?

<p>The mean, median, and mode are the same and the curve is symmetrical (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which modules listed contribute to the test on 'Sensation & Perception' and 'States of Consciousness'?

<p>Modules 16, 18, and 20 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of multiple-choice questions in the test?

<p>50 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a person's belief about a profession affect their perception of individuals in that role?

<p>It may lead them to misinterpret characteristics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following places would most likely influence what you perceive based on context?

<p>A restaurant with people eating. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical wavelength range associated with the perception of green color?

<p>495-570 nm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye is responsible for adjusting focus when gazing at objects at different distances?

<p>Lens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the function of rods in the eye?

<p>They enable night vision and detect motion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of vision do cones in the eye primarily facilitate?

<p>Color vision in bright light (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which wavelengths are perceived as red?

<p>620-750 nm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation might an unexpected object be perceived differently?

<p>In a concert hall expecting to hear music. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of inattentional blindness?

<p>Failing to notice an unexpected stimulus due to focused attention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Weber’s Law relate to noticing weight differences?

<p>Larger original weights require a larger additional weight to notice a difference. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the absolute threshold in terms of sensation?

<p>The minimum amount of stimulus required to detect a sensation 50% of the time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of sensory adaptation in daily life?

<p>Gradually not noticing a strong perfume after entering a room. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the absolute threshold for vision manifest in practical terms?

<p>Seeing a candle flame from a far distance in complete darkness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a perceptual set influence in our sensory experiences?

<p>Our interpretations based on previous experiences and beliefs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes sensory adaptation?

<p>Diminished sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Weber’s Law imply about the just noticeable difference (JND)?

<p>It increases proportionally with the strength of the original stimulus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the auditory system in sound localization?

<p>It determines the location of a sound source. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sensations do NOT have specific receptors in our skin?

<p>Tickle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the gate-control theory, which type of fibers is responsible for opening the 'gate' to allow pain signals?

<p>Small nerve fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are taste receptor cells primarily located?

<p>In taste buds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vestibular sense?

<p>Detecting body position and balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sensory interaction?

<p>The enhancement of one sense by another. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the brain's circuitry relate to the perception of odors and memories?

<p>Proximity of the olfactory bulb to the limbic system enhances memory recall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to our sense of taste when we temporarily reduce our sense of smell?

<p>Taste becomes dulled. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Gestalt principle of closure explain about visual perception?

<p>The brain fills in gaps to perceive a whole object from incomplete information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does closure affect our understanding of incomplete words?

<p>It enables recognition of familiar words even when letters are missing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of binocular cues, what is convergence?

<p>The inward movement of the eyes when focusing on a nearby object. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the monocular cue of relative size help us perceive?

<p>The distance of objects based on their visual appearance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by perceptual constancy?

<p>The ability to perceive objects as stable despite changes in sensory input. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies color constancy?

<p>A tree appears green both in sunlight and shade. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of size constancy?

<p>A person looks the same size regardless of how far away they are. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the principle of closure influence visual perception of objects?

<p>It allows the perception of complete forms from partial information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily occurs in the brain during REM sleep?

<p>Brain activity increases significantly, resembling an awake state. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain wave pattern is associated with NREM-3 sleep?

<p>Delta waves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about insomnia?

<p>Patients usually underestimate their sleep problems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the body during REM sleep?

<p>The body is paralyzed to prevent acting out dreams. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of sleep is characterized by sleep spindles and K-complexes?

<p>NREM-2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is narcolepsy primarily characterized by?

<p>Uncontrollable sleep attacks and cataplexy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor associated with sleep apnea?

<p>Size and shape of the patient's body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which wave pattern signifies the lightest stage of sleep?

<p>Theta waves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Negatively Skewed Curve Mean

In a negatively skewed curve, the mean is smaller than the median and mode, and located to the left.

Positively Skewed Curve Mean

In a positively skewed curve, the mean is larger than the median.

Normal Distribution Data

In a normal distribution, 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation above and below the mean.

Skewed Distribution Mode

In a skewed distribution, the mode remains under the highest part of the curve.

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Skewed Distribution Median

In a skewed distribution, the median is pulled to the side where extreme scores are.

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Normal Curve

A normal curve has the mean, median, and mode in the same location and is symmetrical.

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Standard Deviation and Percentage

68% of data in a normal distribution falls within one standard deviation of the mean

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Skewness and Extreme Scores

Extreme scores influence the median and mean in skewed distributions, leading to asymmetry.

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Inattentional Blindness

Failing to notice an unexpected stimulus due to focused attention elsewhere.

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Absolute Threshold

Minimum stimulus needed to detect a sensation 50% of the time.

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Absolute Threshold (Vision)

Faintest light detectable, like seeing a candle flame far away.

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Weber's Law

Difference between two stimuli is proportional to the original stimulus.

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Weber's Law (Weight Comparison)

To notice a difference in weight, the change needs to be proportional to the original weight.

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Sensory Adaptation

Becoming less sensitive to unchanging stimuli over time.

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Sensory Adaptation (Smell)

Becoming less sensitive to a strong smell over time.

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Perceptual Set

Mental tendency to perceive things based on prior experiences and expectations.

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Context Effects

Our environment, or the setting, influences how we interpret and perceive what's happening around us.

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Wavelength and Color

The length of a light wave determines the color we see. Shorter wavelengths are blue-violet; longer ones are red-orange.

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Red Wavelengths

Red light is perceived by the human eye when wavelengths are between 620-750 nanometers (nm).

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Blue Wavelengths

The human eye perceives blue light when wavelengths are around 495-570 nm.

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Green Wavelengths

We perceive green light roughly between 495-570 nm.

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Lens Function

The lens in the eye changes shape (accommodation) to focus on objects at different distances.

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Rods

These photoreceptor cells in the eye are responsible for vision in low light and detecting movement, but they don't see colors.

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Cones

Cones are photoreceptor cells in the eye that detect colors and fine details in bright light.

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What is sound localization?

The ability to determine the location of a sound source in our environment.

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What are the cues for sound localization?

Interaural time difference (ITD) and interaural level difference (ILD) - the slight differences in the timing and intensity of sound waves reaching each ear.

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How does our brain use these cues?

The brain calculates the direction and distance of a sound by analyzing the differences in ITD and ILD.

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What are the four basic skin sensations?

Pressure, warmth, cold, and pain.

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How do we feel tickle or wetness?

Tickle: Activation of adjacent pressure points. Wetness: Combination of cold and pressure sensations.

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What is the gate-control theory?

A theory explaining how pain signals are transmitted and modulated. The gate, located in the spinal cord, can open to let pain signals through to the brain or close to block them.

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What opens the gate?

Small nerve fibers activate pain and open the gate.

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What closes the gate?

Large nerve fibers or brain signals close the gate and block pain signals.

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Closure (Gestalt)

The brain's tendency to fill in gaps in incomplete visuals to perceive a whole object. It makes us see complete shapes even when parts are missing.

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Closure and Familiar Words

How closure helps us recognize familiar words even when they're incomplete. Our brains use context and familiarity to fill in missing letters.

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Convergence (Binocular Cue)

The inward movement of your eyes when focusing on a nearby object. The more your eyes converge, the closer the object is.

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Relative Size (Monocular Cue)

Comparing the size of objects to judge distance. The smaller object appears farther away, the larger one closer.

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Perceptual Constancy

The ability to perceive objects as stable, even when sensory input changes. It helps us recognize objects in different lighting, distances, etc.

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Color Constancy

Seeing an object as the same color even under changing lighting conditions.

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Brightness Constancy

Seeing an object as having the same brightness even though the light source changes.

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Size Constancy

Perceiving an object as the same size, even when it's close or far away.

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REM Sleep: Brain Activity

During REM sleep, brain activity significantly increases, resembling an awake state. This is where vivid dreams occur due to heightened activity in brain regions like the amygdala and visual centers.

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REM Sleep: Body

The body is essentially paralyzed during REM sleep, preventing acting out dreams. This is called REM atonia. However, the eyes move rapidly under closed eyelids. Heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure become irregular.

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NREM-1 Sleep Waves

Brain wave activity transitions from alpha waves (relaxed awake state) to theta waves, which are slower and irregular. This is a light stage of sleep where you might experience hallucinations or a sensation of falling.

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NREM-2 Sleep Waves

Characterized by theta waves with periodic bursts of rapid brain activity called sleep spindles and K-complexes. The sleep deepens, but it's not the deepest stage.

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NREM-3 Sleep Waves

The slowest and most rhythmic brain wave pattern occurs here with delta waves. This is the deepest stage of NREM sleep, crucial for physical restoration and growth.

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Insomnia

Recurring problems falling asleep or staying asleep. The person wants to sleep but has difficulty doing so or wakes up frequently. Often, patients overestimate the problem.

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Narcolepsy

Characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks where the patient may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. Cataplexy, a sudden loss of muscle tension, can occur when the person is emotionally aroused.

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Sleep Apnea

Characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. It's often associated with the size and shape of the patient's body, particularly their air passages.

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Study Notes

Test Study Guide for Units 4 & 5

  • There are 50 multiple-choice questions
  • Modules 1-25, with approximate number of questions per module, are listed.
  • Sample questions should be reviewed.
  • Use readings, notes, and PowerPoint presentations to aid in answering questions.
  • Clarify any unanswered questions in class beforehand.

Objective 7-1

  • Normal curves have a mean, median, and mode that are the same number.
  • Skewed distributions have a mode under the highest part of the curve.
  • The mean and median are pulled to one side of a skewed distribution.
  • Extreme scores affect the asymmetry.
  • Negatively skewed curves have the mean smaller than the median, to the left of the median.
  • Positively skewed curves have the mean smaller than the median.
  • A link to a YouTube video on skewed distributions is provided.

Normal Distribution Graphs

  • Graphs of a negatively skewed, symmetric, and positively skewed distributions are present.
  • 68% of data falls within one standard deviation above and below the mean in a normal distribution.
  • 95% of data falls within two standard deviations above and below the mean.

Objective 9-4: Neurotransmitters

  • Several neurotransmitters and their functions are described.
  • Acetylcholine (ACh) enables muscle action, learning, and memory.
  • Serotonin affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal.
  • Dopamine influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion.
  • GABA inhibits neural activity, calming the nervous system.
  • Norepinephrine controls alertness and arousal.
  • Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory.
  • A table detailing neurotransmitters and malfunctions is provided.

Objective 11-3: Hypothalamus

  • The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, feelings of hunger and thirst, maintaining homeostasis.
  • Damage to the hypothalamus can cause difficulty regulating body temperature, loss of appetite or excessive hunger, excessive thirst, hormonal imbalances, and emotional/behavioral changes.

Objective 12-1: Brain Lobes and Function

  • The occipital lobe is responsible for vision.
  • The prefrontal cortex is associated with behaviors like planning, decision-making, and impulse control.

Objective 16-1: Top-Down Processing

  • Top-down processing uses existing knowledge and expectations to interpret sensory information.
  • The gustatory (taste) sense uses prior experiences to interpret tastes (example: expecting a sweet flavor).

Objective 16-2

  • Wavelength affects color perception.
  • Shorter wavelengths are perceived as blue/violet.
  • Longer wavelengths are perceived as red/orange.
  • Wavelengths for specific colors (red, blue, and green) are listed.
  • The eye's lens adjusts to maintain focus on objects at varying distances.
  • Rods are for low-light vision and motion detection (no color information).
  • Cones detect color and fine detail in bright light.

Objective 16-4 & Objective 16-5

  • Absolute threshold: minimum stimulus to detect (50% cases).
  • Absolute threshold for vision example: seeing faint candle flame.
  • Weber's Law: larger stimulus, larger difference to notice a change.
  • Sensory adaptation: decreased sensitivity to constant unchanging stimuli (example: entering a perfumed room).

Objective 17-1: Perceptual Set

  • Perceptual set is a predisposition to perceive things in a certain way due to prior experience, expectation, or belief.
  • This influences how sensory information is interpreted.

Objective 18-1 & Objective 18-2 : Visual Perception

  • Electromagnetic Spectrum and colors are discussed.
  • Relative size (monocular cue) lets us perceive distance based on object size comparison.
  • Convergence (binocular cue) involves eye movement toward a nearer object.

Objective 19-3: Perceptual Constancy

  • Perceptual constancy allows us to perceive objects as stable and unchanging despite changes in sensory input.
  • This includes constancy of color, brightness, shape, and size.

Objective 20-1: Auditory Perception & Objective 20-2: Theories of Pitch Perception

  • Place theory: Different pitches cause vibrations at different areas of the cochlea.
  • High-pitched sounds trigger activity near the beginning of the cochlea.
  • Frequency theory: Pitch is perceived by the rate of neural impulses.
  • Low-pitched sounds correspond with lower frequency neural impulses.
  • Volley Principal: Explains how our neural system handles high frequencies.
  • Sound localization: The process of locating a sound source in the environment.

Objective 20-3: Localization

  • The brain determines a sound's location through slight interaural differences in time and intensity.

Objective 21-1: Skin Sensations

  • Four basic skin sensations: Pressure, warmth, cold, and pain.

Objective 21-2: Pain Perception

  • Gate-control theory: The "gate" in the spinal cord allowing or blocking pain signals.
  • Small nerve fibers open the gate, while large fibers or brain signals close it.

Objective 21-3: Taste

  • Taste sensations: Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.
  • Taste receptor cells are located in taste buds in specific areas of the mouth and throat. The location of taste buds are displayed graphically.

Objective 21-4: Kinesthetic Sense / Kinesthesia

  • Awareness of body position and movement.
  • Receptors are located in muscles, tendons, and joints.

Objective 21-5: Sensory Interaction & Objective 23- (REM Sleep)

  • Sensory interaction: One sense may influence another (smell influencing taste).
  • REM sleep: Similar activity to awake status, with the body usually paralyzed.
  • Theta, alpha, and delta brain wave patterns.

Objective 24-: Sleep Disorders

  • Insomnia: Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
  • Narcolepsy: Extreme sleepiness or uncontrollably falling asleep; cataplexy (loss of muscle tension.)
  • Sleep apnea: Cessation of breathing during sleep.

Objective 25-: Psychopharmacology

  • Neurotransmitters, agonists, antagonists, and reuptake inhibitors are discussed.
  • Cocaine blocks the reuptake of neurotransmitters.
  • Psychoactive drugs affect neurotransmission in various ways.

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Prepare for the upcoming quiz with this detailed study guide focusing on the concepts of normal and skewed distributions. Review key concepts such as the mean, median, and mode, along with sample questions and helpful resources. Ensure you clarify any doubts in class before the test.

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