Podcast
Questions and Answers
What logical fallacy is potentially demonstrated by claiming that donuts cause lower test scores after rewarding students with them?
What logical fallacy is potentially demonstrated by claiming that donuts cause lower test scores after rewarding students with them?
- Overlooking the possibility of a common cause
- Overlooking the possibility of random variation
- Overlooking the possibility of reverse causation
- Overlooking the possibility of regression to the mean (correct)
What assumption is made when indicating that Tylenol must cause an intense need for sleep due to an overdose?
What assumption is made when indicating that Tylenol must cause an intense need for sleep due to an overdose?
- Overlooking the possibility of reverse causation
- Overlooking the possibility of random variation
- Overlooking other possible side effects of medication (correct)
- Overlooking the influence of psychological factors
What common misconception is reflected in the statement that technology makes our lives far worse?
What common misconception is reflected in the statement that technology makes our lives far worse?
- Assuming technology affects everyone equally
- Assuming that technology cannot improve life in any way
- Assuming technology only has negative effects (correct)
- Assuming all advancements in technology are harmful
In the statement regarding the IRS, what mistaken belief is suggested through the writer's experience?
In the statement regarding the IRS, what mistaken belief is suggested through the writer's experience?
What fallacy might be at play when linking Sarah McLachlan's music directly to feelings of sadness?
What fallacy might be at play when linking Sarah McLachlan's music directly to feelings of sadness?
What type of reasoning is displayed in the statement, 'Jaguars are unreliable cars, from my experience'?
What type of reasoning is displayed in the statement, 'Jaguars are unreliable cars, from my experience'?
In the analogy 'Azia aced the English final, so she’ll probably ace the math final as well', what is the attribute of interest?
In the analogy 'Azia aced the English final, so she’ll probably ace the math final as well', what is the attribute of interest?
Which inductive fallacy is exemplified by, 'I’ve put more than 200,000 miles on my Volvo without any major repairs. Clearly, Volvo really does build the most reliable cars.'?
Which inductive fallacy is exemplified by, 'I’ve put more than 200,000 miles on my Volvo without any major repairs. Clearly, Volvo really does build the most reliable cars.'?
Which of the following correctly identifies related variables in the context of 'I’m a Belgian tourist who visits Malibu once a year. Half of the people I’ve met there have had at least one cosmetic surgery.'?
Which of the following correctly identifies related variables in the context of 'I’m a Belgian tourist who visits Malibu once a year. Half of the people I’ve met there have had at least one cosmetic surgery.'?
Why does the example in 'I’m a Belgian tourist who visits Malibu once a year' potentially use a biased sample?
Why does the example in 'I’m a Belgian tourist who visits Malibu once a year' potentially use a biased sample?
What reasoning flaw is observed in the statement 'Most Californians are worried about air pollution' based on an argument's unsupported claim?
What reasoning flaw is observed in the statement 'Most Californians are worried about air pollution' based on an argument's unsupported claim?
In evaluating analogies, what is typically examined to determine strength?
In evaluating analogies, what is typically examined to determine strength?
Which of the following fallacies could apply to the reasoning 'Azia aced the English final, so she’ll ace the math final'?
Which of the following fallacies could apply to the reasoning 'Azia aced the English final, so she’ll ace the math final'?
Flashcards
Statistical Syllogism
Statistical Syllogism
Reasoning from a general statement to a specific conclusion about an individual case.
Generalization from a Sample
Generalization from a Sample
Drawing a conclusion about a population based on observations from a sample.
Biased Sample
Biased Sample
A sample that doesn't accurately reflect the characteristics of the target population.
Representative Sample
Representative Sample
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Terms of Analogy
Terms of Analogy
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Attribute of Interest
Attribute of Interest
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Weak (or False) Analogy
Weak (or False) Analogy
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Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
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Post Hoc Fallacy
Post Hoc Fallacy
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Overlooking Regression to the Mean
Overlooking Regression to the Mean
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Overlooking Random Variation
Overlooking Random Variation
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Reverse Causation
Reverse Causation
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Overlooking a Common Cause
Overlooking a Common Cause
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Study Notes
Statistical Syllogisms and Generalizations
- Statistical syllogisms reason from general to specific, while generalizations from samples draw conclusions about a population based on a sample.
Sampling
- Sample: A subset of a larger population.
- Target population: The entire group of interest.
- Attribute of interest: The characteristic being studied.
- Biased sample: A sample that doesn't represent the target population accurately.
- Representative sample: A sample that accurately reflects the target population.
Arguments by Analogy
- Argument by analogy: An argument that draws a comparison between two similar situations or things.
- Terms of analogy: The elements being compared in an analogy.
- Attribute of interest: The characteristic being compared.
- Similarities and differences: Important factors when evaluating the strength of an analogy.
- Attack the analogy: Identify discrepancies between situations or aspects that weaken the analogy.
Inductive Fallacies
- Hasty generalization: Making a broad conclusion based on insufficient evidence.
- Biased generalization: Drawing a conclusion based on a skewed sample.
- Anecdotal evidence: Using personal experiences as evidence for a claim.
- Self-selection fallacy: The sample is selected based on the individual's willingness to participate.
- False analogy: Comparing two things that are not comparable.
- Post hoc ergo propter hoc: Assuming that because one event follows another, the first caused the second.
- Untestable explanations or claims: Claims or explanations that cannot be tested or verified.
- Regression to the mean: A tendency for extreme scores to return towards the average.
- Random variation: Chance fluctuations in the data.
- Reverse causation: The supposed cause is actually the effect.
- Common cause: Both events are caused by a third factor.
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Description
This quiz explores concepts related to statistical syllogisms, generalizations, and arguments by analogy. Understand sampling methods, the importance of representative samples, and how to evaluate analogies in arguments. Test your knowledge on these fundamental statistical reasoning techniques.
