Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which statistical measure is least affected by extreme values in a data set?
Which statistical measure is least affected by extreme values in a data set?
In a normal distribution, what does the bell curve signify about the relationship between the mean, median, and mode?
In a normal distribution, what does the bell curve signify about the relationship between the mean, median, and mode?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of inferential statistics?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of inferential statistics?
What might be a potential pitfall in statistical reporting?
What might be a potential pitfall in statistical reporting?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a method of measuring spread in descriptive statistics?
Which of the following is a method of measuring spread in descriptive statistics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of using statistical analyses in research?
What is the primary purpose of using statistical analyses in research?
Signup and view all the answers
Which average is computed as the sum of scores divided by the number of scores?
Which average is computed as the sum of scores divided by the number of scores?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a high variance indicate about a dataset?
What does a high variance indicate about a dataset?
Signup and view all the answers
What measure of spread corresponds with the median in a distribution?
What measure of spread corresponds with the median in a distribution?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of inferential statistic is primarily used to analyze the relationship between two continuous variables?
Which type of inferential statistic is primarily used to analyze the relationship between two continuous variables?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following visual representations is best suited for displaying the median and interquartile range of a dataset?
Which of the following visual representations is best suited for displaying the median and interquartile range of a dataset?
Signup and view all the answers
In a negatively skewed distribution, which average value is typically greater than the others?
In a negatively skewed distribution, which average value is typically greater than the others?
Signup and view all the answers
Which graph is NOT typically used for descriptive statistics?
Which graph is NOT typically used for descriptive statistics?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following hypotheses is an example of a proposed relation between variables?
Which of the following hypotheses is an example of a proposed relation between variables?
Signup and view all the answers
Which measure of spread has no corresponding average value associated with it?
Which measure of spread has no corresponding average value associated with it?
Signup and view all the answers
In which situation would a Mann-Whitney U test be most appropriately used?
In which situation would a Mann-Whitney U test be most appropriately used?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation (r) specifically measure?
What does Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation (r) specifically measure?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following correctly describes Spearman’s Coefficient of Rank Correlation (ρ)?
Which of the following correctly describes Spearman’s Coefficient of Rank Correlation (ρ)?
Signup and view all the answers
In a correlation analysis, what does the 'degrees of freedom' refer to?
In a correlation analysis, what does the 'degrees of freedom' refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following measures represents the proportion of variance explained by a correlation?
Which of the following measures represents the proportion of variance explained by a correlation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about correlations is true?
Which of the following statements about correlations is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a correlation coefficient of r(168) = -.43, p < .05 indicate?
What does a correlation coefficient of r(168) = -.43, p < .05 indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main limitation of correlational designs?
What is the main limitation of correlational designs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following measures is not standardized?
Which of the following measures is not standardized?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a regression analysis primarily examine?
What does a regression analysis primarily examine?
Signup and view all the answers
In the equation of regression $y = ax + b$, what does the term 'a' represent?
In the equation of regression $y = ax + b$, what does the term 'a' represent?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key aspect that correlation coefficients do not indicate?
What is a key aspect that correlation coefficients do not indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which test can be used to determine if two correlation coefficients are different?
Which test can be used to determine if two correlation coefficients are different?
Signup and view all the answers
In a within-subjects design, how is the independent variable presented?
In a within-subjects design, how is the independent variable presented?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the p-value in a statistical test represent?
What does the p-value in a statistical test represent?
Signup and view all the answers
When there are two predictors in a regression model, what does the regression equation represent?
When there are two predictors in a regression model, what does the regression equation represent?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key feature of the matched-subjects experimental design?
What is a key feature of the matched-subjects experimental design?
Signup and view all the answers
In what scenario is a between-subjects design primarily used?
In what scenario is a between-subjects design primarily used?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of questions will be included in Test 3?
What type of questions will be included in Test 3?
Signup and view all the answers
Which lecture topics are suggested for special attention in preparation for upcoming tests?
Which lecture topics are suggested for special attention in preparation for upcoming tests?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the focus of Lecture 12 in Semester 2?
What is the focus of Lecture 12 in Semester 2?
Signup and view all the answers
When is the deadline for the Coursework Assignment?
When is the deadline for the Coursework Assignment?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of test is scheduled for March 28?
What type of test is scheduled for March 28?
Signup and view all the answers
What will be the primary content of the lectures after the mid-term exams?
What will be the primary content of the lectures after the mid-term exams?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the resit opportunity offered on May 2?
What is the purpose of the resit opportunity offered on May 2?
Signup and view all the answers
In which lecture will Non-Parametric Tests be covered?
In which lecture will Non-Parametric Tests be covered?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of the null hypothesis in statistical testing?
What is the main purpose of the null hypothesis in statistical testing?
Signup and view all the answers
When using a paired-samples t-test, which condition is being measured?
When using a paired-samples t-test, which condition is being measured?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a Type I Error in hypothesis testing represent?
What does a Type I Error in hypothesis testing represent?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following factors can increase the probability of obtaining a Type II Error?
Which of the following factors can increase the probability of obtaining a Type II Error?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of counter-balancing in within-subjects designs?
What is the role of counter-balancing in within-subjects designs?
Signup and view all the answers
How is the significance level (alpha) typically determined in hypothesis testing?
How is the significance level (alpha) typically determined in hypothesis testing?
Signup and view all the answers
What do inferential statistics primarily test?
What do inferential statistics primarily test?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about the Student t-tests is true?
Which of the following statements about the Student t-tests is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What does it indicate if a result has a p-value of 0.01?
What does it indicate if a result has a p-value of 0.01?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis?
What is the consequence of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statistical test would be appropriate if there are more than two groups being compared?
Which statistical test would be appropriate if there are more than two groups being compared?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the implications if a hypothesis test suggests a significant difference when there are confounding variables?
What are the implications if a hypothesis test suggests a significant difference when there are confounding variables?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting the probability 'p' in hypothesis testing?
Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting the probability 'p' in hypothesis testing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is meant by causality in the context of experimental designs?
What is meant by causality in the context of experimental designs?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the alternative hypothesis indicate in hypothesis testing?
What does the alternative hypothesis indicate in hypothesis testing?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Course Information
- Course Title: PSGY1014 - Research Methods and Analyses 1
- Revision Semester: 1
- Instructor: Prof Steve Janssen
- Date: February 1, 2024
Module Objectives
- Understand the process of scientific discovery
- Identify differences between effects and noise
- Recognize common pitfalls in statistical reporting
- Know how to apply common statistical tests (SPSS or JASP)
- Interpret and report test results
Why Statistics?
- Statistical analyses help researchers:
- Describe data (descriptive statistics)
- Determine relationships between variables (inferential statistics)
Descriptive Statistics
- Frequencies (numbers, percentages, proportions)
- Averages (mean, median, mode)
- Measures of spread:
- Range (min, max)
- Interquartile range (Q3-Q1)
- Variance
- Standard deviation
- Standard error
Averages
- Mode: Most frequent score
- Median: Middle score (ranked)
- Mean: Sum of scores divided by total scores
Normal Distribution
- Shaped like a bell curve
- Mean, median, and mode have the same value
Skewed Distributions
- Mean, median, and mode differ
- Positively skewed: tail extends to the right
- Negatively skewed: tail extends to the left
- Skewness affects choice of inferential statistics
Measures of Spread
- Related to averages
- Median: Range, interquartile range
- Mean: Variance, standard deviation, population estimated standard deviation, standard error
- Mode: No corresponding measure of spread
Exploring Data with Graphs
- Descriptive: Stem-and-leaf plots, histograms, population pyramids
- Inferential: Bar charts (means and standard errors), line charts (means and standard errors), boxplots (median and interquartile range), scatter plots (for correlational designs)
Graphs Described
- Stem-and-Leaf Plots
- Histograms: Excuses for being late to class
- Population Pyramids: World population 2019
- Bar Charts (e.g., example provided)
- Line Charts: Wildlife population over time
- Box Plots: Exam scores for 2 classes.
- Scatter Plots: Height vs weight
Inferential Statistics
- Student t-tests
- Correlation coefficients (Pearson & Spearman)
- Regression analyses
- Chi-square tests
- Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman
- Analyses of variance (ANOVA)
- Used to examine relationships between variables
Hypotheses
- Formal statements of proposed relationships
- Null hypothesis (H₀): No effect or relationship
- Alternative hypothesis (H₁): There is an effect or relationship
Variables
- Independent variable: Manipulated variable
- Time spent learning
- Dependent variable: Measured outcome variable
- Exam grade
- Confounding variable: Unequally distributed among conditions
- Extraneous (nuisance) variable: Equally distributed among conditions
- The independent variable can be manipulated or varied.
Measurement Scales
- Nominal: Categories without order (e.g., gender, ethnicity)
- Ordinal: Categories with order (e.g., military rank, educational levels)
- Interval: Equal intervals between values (e.g., IQ scores, some questionnaires)
- Ratio: Interval scale with a true zero point (e.g., age, reaction time)
Parametric vs. Non-Parametric Tests
- Parametric tests (t-tests, ANOVAs): Require interval or ratio data and normal distribution,
- Non-parametric tests: Use nominal or ordinal data or when data distribution is abnormal.
Experimental Designs
- Correlational: No manipulation of variables, only examine relationships.
- Experimental: Independent variable is manipulated to establish causality.
- Quasi-experimental: Independent variable cannot be manipulated directly (e.g., comparing groups already formed in reality)
### Additional Pages
- Socrative details for class interaction
- Semester 2 schedule and important dates
- Different types of tests and analysis
- Importance of considering potential confounding and extraneous variables when interpreting experimental designs
- The importance of properly formulated hypotheses.
- Concepts covered in the course: types of errors, significance levels, and how to interpret the results of statistical analysis.
- Information on Correlations (definitions, components of a correlation coefficient, interpretation, and its use).
- Regression: how to interpret regression lines along with the description of coefficients
- Probability: How to interpret and work with p-value
- Significance: what is meant by significance and type I and II errors
- Degrees of freedom: and how to calculate
- Direction: positive and negative correlations, its effects and interpretation.
- Magnitude: how to interpret correlation magnitudes
- How to use various graphs: such as bar plots, box plots to depict different analyses
Test Preparation
- Pay close attention to Lectures 2, 9, 10, and 11
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your understanding of key statistical concepts and measures with this quiz. It covers topics such as measures of central tendency, inferential statistics, and the characteristics of distributions. Perfect for students seeking to reinforce their knowledge in statistics.
