Statistics in Kinesiology Chapter 13

Questions and Answers

What is typically thought of in terms of reproducibility and consistency?

Reliability (correct)

Error

Validity

Bias

What is Test-Retest Reliability?

A test administered to a sample and repeated at least one other time.

Define Inter-Rater Reliability.

Assessment of whether different raters give similar scores to the same subject on a test.

What does Intra-Rater Reliability assess?

The ability of a given rater to give similar scores. Signup and view all the answers

What is the General Concept of Reliability?

The quantification of measurement error. Signup and view all the answers

What does Reliability Theory indicate about measurements?

All measurements are made with error. Signup and view all the answers

What is the True Score Component?

The theoretically average score of a subject recorded as an infinite number of trials. Signup and view all the answers

Define Error Component.

The difference between the observed score and the true score. Signup and view all the answers

What is Random Error in measurement?

Noise that is unpredictable and varies from measurement to measurement. Signup and view all the answers

What tools can be used to quantify reliability?

Tests on at least two occasions and repeated measures ANOVA. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient reflect?

Total score = true score + error variance. Signup and view all the answers

What equation is used for Intraclass Correlation Coefficient Calculation?

R is the reliability coefficient. Signup and view all the answers

Define Standard Error of Measurement (SEM).

An index of the precision of the test or trial to trial noise. Signup and view all the answers

What is needed to construct a confidence interval about a test score?

Standard Error of Measurement. Signup and view all the answers

How does the degree of relative measurement error affect ICC?

The greater the ICC value, the greater the statistical power. Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary to calculate the minimal detectable change?

Estimate the change of performance post-intervention. Signup and view all the answers

What does it indicate if ICC values are low?

That there may be larger amounts of measurement error. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reliability Concepts

Reliability refers to the reproducibility and consistency of measurements.
Test-Retest Reliability involves administering the same test to a sample at least twice to assess consistency over time.
Inter-Rater Reliability evaluates the degree to which different raters provide similar scores for the same subject on a given test.
Intra-Rater Reliability assesses the ability of the same rater to give consistent scores across multiple administrations of a test.

Measurement Error & Components

Reliability quantifies measurement error, indicating the accuracy and precision of test scores.
Reliability Theory emphasizes that all measurements contain errors, with observed scores comprising a true score and an error component.
The True Score Component represents the average score from infinite trials, while the Error Component is the difference between the observed score and the true score.

Types of Error

Random Error is unpredictable and typically averages to zero over time, with variations in scores that cancel each other out.
Measurement tools to quantify reliability include repeated measures ANOVA to derive variance needed for reliability coefficients.

Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC)

The ICC formula is calculated by taking the ratio of true score variance to total variance, yielding values from 0.0 (all error) to 1.0 (all true variance).
The ICC can be estimated using between-subject variability and error terms from repeated measures ANOVA, serving as an index of true score variance.
Models 1, 2, and 3 in ICC calculations vary based on how error components are treated, with Model 1 lumping them together and Models 2 and 3 separating them.

Evaluating ICC & Systematic Errors

When assessing reliability, an increase in between-subject variability improves ICC values.
Systematic errors can emerge, indicated by significant mean differences across trials, requiring further scrutiny during testing.
Practitioners should account for systematic errors in interpretation, such as through practice sessions to mitigate these effects.

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

SEM provides an absolute measure of reliability and indicates test precision.
Two common SEM formulas exist, with the most prevalent reflecting the relationship with ICC.
SEM estimation is insensitive to between-subject variability, focusing on measuring precision across trials.
Practitioners can use SEM to construct confidence intervals around individual test scores, assessing boundaries of true scores.

Application in Practice

SEM aids clinicians and coaches in determining the minimal detectable change post-intervention, allowing for assessment of performance improvements.
Practitioners should consider a three-layered approach: utilizing repeated measures ANOVA for systematic error assessment, calculating ICC, and determining SEM to quantify measurement error comprehensively.

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Test your knowledge of key terms in Chapter 13 of Statistics in Kinesiology. This flashcard set covers important concepts such as reliability, test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and intra-rater reliability. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of statistical principles in kinesiology.