Statistics Definition & Scope

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson
Download our mobile app to listen on the go
Get App

Questions and Answers

What is the computed value of the summation ∑ 𝑥?

  • 329
  • 468
  • 406 (correct)
  • 450

What is the correct formula for calculating ∑ 𝑥 2?

  • (75)2 + (80)2 + (97)2 + (91)2 + (63)2 (correct)
  • ∑ 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑥
  • ∑ 𝑥 * ∑ 𝑥
  • ∑ (𝑥 2)

What is the outcome of (∑ 𝑥)2?

  • 164836 (correct)
  • 168906
  • 162576
  • 165408

Which of the following correctly describes how to sum non-contiguous cells in Excel?

<p>=SUM(A3 + A5 + A8) (C)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

When using AutoSum in Excel, what is the first step?

<p>Select the cell below the column of numbers (A)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the summation $ extstyle rac{1}{10} extstyle ackslash sum_{i=6}^{10} x_i$ if $ extstyle rac{1}{10} extstyle ackslash sum_{i=1}^{5} x_i$ equals 50?

<p>21 (A)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

If each of the first five terms of $x_i$ is multiplied by 8, what does $ extstyle ackslash sum_{i=1}^{5} 8x_i$ equal?

<p>400 (B)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is an alternative way to express $ extstyle ackslash sum_{i=1}^{5} 8x_i$?

<p>$ extstyle 8ackslash sum_{i=1}^{5} x_i$ (B)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

How is the value of $50$ reached in the equation $ extstyle 8 ackslash sum_{i=1}^{5} x_i = 400$?

<p>It represents the total of the first five $x_i$ terms. (A)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the total when each of the first five terms of $x_i$ is multiplied by 8 before summation?

<p>It increases the total sum eightfold. (C)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of applied statistics?

<p>Analyzing and interpreting data to solve real-world problems (B)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a quantitative variable?

<p>Numerical values representing an amount or count (A)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

Which type of variable can assume any value between two specific numbers?

<p>Continuous variables (C)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is Descriptive Statistics primarily used for?

<p>Summarizing and describing important characteristics of a data set (B)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes discrete variables from continuous variables?

<p>Discrete variables can only take on integer values. (A)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'random variable' refer to?

<p>Variables determined by chance (C)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

In what form does the term 'statistics' refer to a collection of numerical data?

<p>Plural (B)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an aspect of statistics?

<p>Historical analysis of mathematical theories (B)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of ratio level measurement?

<p>It allows for meaningful ratios and differences. (D)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling method involves selecting subjects at regular intervals after a random start?

<p>Systematic Sampling (D)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of stratified sampling?

<p>To divide a population into homogeneous groups for sampling. (C)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

In cluster sampling, which of the following best describes the process?

<p>Selecting entire groups or clusters for study. (B)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using cluster sampling?

<p>It might not accurately represent the whole population. (A)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in systematic sampling?

<p>Dividing the population size by the sample size. (A)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of data collection?

<p>Random sampling (C)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What does a true zero in ratio-level measurement indicate?

<p>The absence of the quantity being measured. (B)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What does the formula $\sum_{i=1}^{n} c = n c$ imply?

<p>The sum of a constant c over n terms is equal to n times c. (B)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

If $\sum_{i=1}^{8} 10$ is evaluated, what is the result?

<p>80 (A)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following formulas represents the property of summation for multiple variables?

<p>$\sum_{i=1}^{n} (x_i + y_i + z_i) = \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i + \sum_{i=1}^{n} y_i + \sum_{i=1}^{n} z_i$ (D)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

How can you express $\sum_{i=1}^{n} (x_i \pm c)$ using summation notation?

<p>$\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i \pm n c$ (D)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

Given that $\sum_{i=1}^{10} x_i = 55$ and $\sum_{i=1}^{10} y_i = 65$, what is $\sum_{i=1}^{10} (x_i + y_i)$?

<p>110 (D)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What does the notation $\sum_{i=1}^{n} c x_i$ equal?

<p>$c \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i$ (B)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

In the expression $\sum_{i=1}^{n} (x_i + c)$, what happens to the summation if c is a constant?

<p>It adds nc to the total sum of $x_i$. (D)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is the simplified result of $\sum_{i=1}^{10} (3x_i + 4y_i - 7)$?

<p>$3 \sum_{i=1}^{10} x_i + 4 \sum_{i=1}^{10} y_i - 70$ (C)</p>
Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards are hidden until you start studying

Study Notes

Statistics Definition & Scope

  • Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data.
  • Statistics has two aspects: theoretical and applied.
  • Data are the values that variables can assume.
  • Variables whose values are determined by chance are called random variables.

Types of Variables

  • Qualitative variables are words or codes that represent a class or category.
  • Quantitative variables are numbers that represent an amount or a count.
  • Discrete variables can be assigned values such as 0, 1, 2, 3, … and are said to be countable.
  • Continuous variables can assume all values between any two specific values like 0.5, 1.2, etc.

Levels of Measurement

  • Nominal Level - classifies data into mutually exclusive categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed.
  • Ordinal Level - classifies data into categories that can be ranked or ordered.
  • Interval Level - classifies data into categories that can be ranked or ordered. Differences are meaningful.
  • Ratio Level - an Interval Level modified to include the inherent zero starting point. Differences and ratios of data are meaningful.

Data Collection Techniques

  • Survey: Telephone, mailed questionnaire, or personal interview
  • Surveying Records: Collecting data from existing records.
  • Direct Observation: Observing a situation or phenomenon to collect data.

Sampling Techniques

  • Random Sampling/Simple Random Sampling: Using chance methods or random numbers to select subjects for a sample.
  • Systematic Sampling/Systematic Random Sampling: Numbering each subject in the population and selecting every kth subject.
  • Stratified Sampling: Dividing the population into distinct groups (strata) and drawing SRSs from each group.
  • Cluster Sampling: Selecting intact groups called clusters, such as hospitals.

Summation Notation

  • represents the sum of a series.
  • 𝑖 is the index of summation, which starts at a lower limit and ends at an upper limit.
  • 𝑥𝑖 represents the 𝑖th term in the series.
  • 𝑛 is the upper limit of summation, indicating the last term in the series.
  • 𝑐 is a constant value.

Formulas of Summation

  • Formula 1: For any constant c, ∑𝑐𝑥𝑖 = 𝑐 ∑ 𝑥𝑖
  • Formula 2: For any constant c, ∑ 𝑐 = 𝑛𝑐
  • Formula 3: ∑(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑧𝑖 ) = ∑ 𝑥𝑖 + ∑ 𝑦𝑖 + ∑ 𝑧𝑖
  • Formula 4: ∑(𝑥𝑖 ± 𝑐) = (∑ 𝑥𝑖 ) ± 𝑛𝑐

Technology Application: Summation Notation in Excel

  • SUM function: Sum a range of cells, an entire column, or non-contiguous cells.
  • AutoSum: Quickly sum a column or row of numbers.
  • Press ALT + = for AutoSum.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Stat-213 Chapter 1 PDF

More Like This

Variables en estadística
10 questions
Types of Variables in Research
15 questions
Statistics: Types of Variables
10 questions
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser