Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the three essential components needed to determine causality in an experimental study?
What are the three essential components needed to determine causality in an experimental study?
- Control, randomization, and replication (correct)
- Control, hypothesis testing, and bias reduction
- Random sampling, demographic matching, and data collection
- Observation, analysis, and interpretation
Which type of data is considered primary source data?
Which type of data is considered primary source data?
- Data reviewed from published reports
- Individual responses collected by the researcher (correct)
- Summarized data used for comparisons
- Aggregated survey results analyzed by someone else
Which kind of bias occurs when a survey sample does not accurately represent the population?
Which kind of bias occurs when a survey sample does not accurately represent the population?
- Measurement bias
- Sampling bias (correct)
- Non-response bias
- Response bias
What is a leading question in survey methodology?
What is a leading question in survey methodology?
Which of the following best describes measurement bias?
Which of the following best describes measurement bias?
Which type of data includes only whole numbers?
Which type of data includes only whole numbers?
What is true about nominal data?
What is true about nominal data?
If a sample is collected in a way that omits large portions of the population, what is this method called?
If a sample is collected in a way that omits large portions of the population, what is this method called?
What is the primary characteristic of a treatment group in an experiment?
What is the primary characteristic of a treatment group in an experiment?
What best describes variability in data?
What best describes variability in data?
Which sampling method involves dividing a population into groups and randomly selecting individuals from each group?
Which sampling method involves dividing a population into groups and randomly selecting individuals from each group?
In what scenario is observational study preferred over experimental study?
In what scenario is observational study preferred over experimental study?
Which statement is accurate regarding random sampling?
Which statement is accurate regarding random sampling?
Flashcards
Experimental Study
Experimental Study
A research method that aims to determine cause and effect relationships by manipulating variables and controlling for other factors.
Sampling Bias
Sampling Bias
A type of bias where the sample used in a study doesn't accurately represent the population it's supposed to reflect.
Primary Source Data
Primary Source Data
Data collected and analyzed directly by the researcher, without being summarized or manipulated. This data is in its raw form.
Microdata
Microdata
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Secondary Source Data
Secondary Source Data
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Numerical Data
Numerical Data
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Categorical Data
Categorical Data
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Continuous Data
Continuous Data
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Discrete Data
Discrete Data
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Ordinal Data
Ordinal Data
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Nominal Data
Nominal Data
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Population
Population
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Sample
Sample
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Study Notes
Chapter 5.1: Quantitative vs. Qualitative Data
- Quantitative data: numerical data, examples include weight
- Qualitative data: categorical data, examples include eye color
- Continuous data: infinite values, e.g., weight; graphed using histograms
- Discrete data: finite values, e.g., whole numbers; histograms with bars not touching
- Nominal data: qualitative, cannot be ranked, e.g., eye color
- Ordinal data: qualitative, can be ranked, e.g., fair, good
- Variability: data can vary due to measurement issues
- Data interpretation can differ in different contexts. Analyze data across variables to find relationships.
Chapter 5.2: Sampling Methods
- Population: entire group being studied
- Sample: portion of the population
- Sampling aims for similar characteristics between sample and population to minimize variability.
- Random samples: selection of individuals by chance to provide accurate representation.
- Sampling methods:
- Simple random: select individuals randomly from the population
- Systematic: choose individuals at regular intervals from a list
- Stratified: divide population into subgroups and randomly select from each
- Cluster: divide population into clusters and select a few to survey
- Multistage: a hierarchical selection of samples by multiple stages
- Convenience: choosing individuals who are readily available; can be biased
Chapter 5.3: Experimental Design
- Observational studies: observe and record existing situations (no manipulation)
- Experimental studies: controlled environment, manipulate a variable to see its effect
- Treatment group: receives the treatment
- Control group: does not receive the treatment
- Randomization, replication, and control are key to establishing cause-and-effect in experimental studies
- Surveys: methods to collect opinions and data; can offer insight into opinions and trends; less controlled than experiments and may have bias
Chapter 5.4: Primary and Secondary Data
- Primary data: collected directly by the researcher (e.g., survey responses)
- Secondary data: obtained from existing sources, usually summarized or manipulated in some way.
- Sources of data issues: response bias (respondents changing answers to avoid discomfort), sampling bias (sample doesn't properly represent population), measurement bias (method consistently over/under represents data), non-response bias (low response rate).
- Misrepresenting data through inappropriate visualizations and presentation may introduce bias.
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