Statistics Chapter 2 Flashcards

Bar Graph: Displays categorical data using uniform-width bars with gaps between them.
Histogram: Represents quantitative data with adjacent bars that show frequency distributions over intervals.
Frequency Histogram: Illustrates the ratio of class frequency to total frequency, useful for relative understanding of data distribution.
Circle Graph (Pie Chart): Divides total quantities into segments, each representing a part of the whole, typically used for qualitative data.
Time Plot: A graph that organizes data points sequentially over time, making trends easier to identify.
Pareto Chart: A specialized bar graph arranged from most to least frequent, highlighting the most significant factors in qualitative data.
Pictograph: Uses images or symbols to represent data quantities rather than traditional bars.

Stem-and-Leaf Display: Organized data display that retains original values, allowing for quick retrieval and analysis.
Dotplots: Graphs that represent individual data points on a single axis, suitable for both categorical and quantitative data.

Quantitative Data: Numerical values relevant to measurable quantities, such as times or distances.
Qualitative Data: Non-numeric characteristics, like color or type, important for categorical analysis.

Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): Utilizes various visual tools to identify data patterns and anomalies effectively.
Outlier: A data point significantly different from others, which may suggest variability or error.
Frequency Table: A structured list showing how often each data value appears within the dataset.
Class Boundaries: Values defining the edges separating classes in frequency distribution, ensuring no gaps exist.

Shape of Distribution: Describes data arrangement as normal, uniform, skewed (right or left), or bimodal, each indicating different statistical properties.
Skewed Distribution: Features a peak on one side, indicating asymmetry where data clusters more heavily on one end.
Relative Frequency Histogram: Similar to a regular frequency histogram but utilizes percentages to represent data relative to the whole instead of raw frequencies.

Relative Frequency: The ratio of occurrence for an event compared to total trials, providing insight into event significance.
Class Limit: Defines the highest and lowest bounds of a data class.
Midpoints: The average of the upper and lower limits of a class interval, facilitating midpoint calculation and class interval size determination.
Ogive: A line graph representing cumulative frequency or cumulative relative frequency, useful for understanding total distributions over intervals.