Statistics Chapter 2 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is a biased selection?

  • A random method of sample selection.
  • A selection process that prevents each sample item from having an opportunity of being selected. (correct)
  • A method where samples are selected based on convenience.
  • A selection process that allows every sample item an opportunity of selection.

    • What is correspondence?

    The defined relationship between the population sampled and a random-number table.

    What are discards in sampling?

    Unusable numbers generated from a random-number selection deviation.

    What is a haphazard sample?

    <p>A sample selected without any conscious bias that is expected to be representative of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term population refer to in sampling?

    <p>All the items in the account or group being audited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is probability-proportional-to-size sampling?

    <p>A sampling technique where each population unit has a probability of selection proportional to its recorded amount.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a random-number table?

    <p>A table composed of randomly generated digits 0 through 9 that can be used to generate random samples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a random sample?

    <p>A sample drawn from a population where each element has an equal probability of being selected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the random-stab method?

    <p>A technique where a random-number table is opened randomly and a random stab is used to determine row, column, and digit starting position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is random systemic sampling?

    <p>A systematic sample selection technique with a variable (random) rather than a fixed sampling interval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define a representative sample.

    <p>A sample having essentially the same characteristics as the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by route in sampling?

    <p>The predefined path to be followed through a random-number table when selecting a sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a test of cash disbursements, the individual check number could be a ________ _____.

    <p>sampling frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sampling with replacement?

    <p>A sampling technique where any given item in a population may be included in the sample more than once.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sampling without replacement?

    <p>A sampling technique where an item, once included in the sample, cannot be selected again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define stratified selection.

    <p>A sampling technique applied by grouping sampling units with similar characteristics into separate strata.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is systematic sampling?

    <p>A method of selecting a sample from a population by first selecting a random number and then selecting every N/nth item.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Sampling Concepts

    • Biased selection: Refers to a process that inhibits random selection, resulting in an unrepresentative sample.
    • Correspondence: The established relationship between the sampled population and a random-number table, crucial for valid sampling.
    • Discards: Unusable or irrelevant numbers produced during a random-number selection process.
    • Haphazard sample: A sampling method lacking bias, intended to reflect the population accurately without systematic influence.

    Definitions of Sampling Techniques

    • Population: The complete set of items or individuals under study in an audit, also known as the universe or field.
    • Probability-proportional-to-size sampling: A technique where each population unit's selection probability correlates with its recorded amount, often called dollar unit sampling.
    • Random-number table: A resource consisting of randomly generated digits from 0 to 9, helpful for creating random samples.
    • Random sample: A sample drawn randomly where every element has an equal chance of selection, ensuring a valid statistical representation, also termed probability sampling.

    Specialized Sampling Methods

    • Random-stab method: An approach to sample selection involving randomly opening a random-number table and using a random point to determine which row, column, and digit to start with.
    • Random systemic sampling: A method that employs a variable sampling interval instead of a constant one, introducing randomness into systematic sampling.
    • Representative sample: A sample that possesses key characteristics mirroring the population, typically achieved through random or haphazard selection methods.

    Other Relevant Concepts

    • Route: The predetermined sequence followed in a random-number table during sample selection to ensure randomness.
    • Sampling frame: A comprehensive list or representation of sampling units, such as individual check numbers in cash disbursement tests.
    • Sampling with replacement: A technique allowing the same item in a population to be reselected for the sample, increasing the likelihood of certain items being counted multiple times.
    • Sampling without replacement: A method where selected items cannot be chosen again, commonly preferred in auditing practices.
    • Stratified selection: A technique that involves categorizing sampling units into distinct groups to minimize variability and enhance accuracy of the sample.
    • Systematic sampling: A sampling strategy where a starting point is chosen randomly, followed by selection of every nth item from the population.

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    Description

    Dive into the key terms from Chapter 2: Selecting a Representative Sample. This quiz helps reinforce your understanding of concepts like biased selection, correspondence, and discards, essential for grasping statistical sampling techniques.

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