Podcast
Questions and Answers
What kind of variable is a student's GPA?
What kind of variable is a student's GPA?
- Categorical
- Dependent
- Quantitative (correct)
- Independent
What is the standard deviation of a dataset with a variance of 16?
What is the standard deviation of a dataset with a variance of 16?
- 4 (correct)
- 8
- 256
- None of the above
What type of graph would be most appropriate to display the frequency of different hair colors in a sample of 100 people?
What type of graph would be most appropriate to display the frequency of different hair colors in a sample of 100 people?
- Line graph
- Scatterplot
- Histogram
- Bar chart (correct)
What is the skewness of a distribution with a skewness statistic of -1.5 and a skewness standard error of 0.3?
What is the skewness of a distribution with a skewness statistic of -1.5 and a skewness standard error of 0.3?
If the p-value of a one-sample t-test is 0.01, what conclusion can we draw?
If the p-value of a one-sample t-test is 0.01, what conclusion can we draw?
A researcher wants to test if the average height of women is different from 5'4". What are the null and alternative hypotheses?
A researcher wants to test if the average height of women is different from 5'4". What are the null and alternative hypotheses?
What is the purpose of a one-sample t-test?
What is the purpose of a one-sample t-test?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a normal distribution?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a normal distribution?
What is the appropriate statistical test to use when comparing a sample mean to a known population mean?
What is the appropriate statistical test to use when comparing a sample mean to a known population mean?
Which of the following is NOT a step involved in performing a one-sample t-test in SPSS?
Which of the following is NOT a step involved in performing a one-sample t-test in SPSS?
When presenting the results of a one-sample t-test in APA style, what three values are required?
When presenting the results of a one-sample t-test in APA style, what three values are required?
What does a p-value less than .05 indicate in a one-sample t-test?
What does a p-value less than .05 indicate in a one-sample t-test?
What is the null hypothesis for a one-sample t-test?
What is the null hypothesis for a one-sample t-test?
Flashcards
Rejecting the null hypothesis
Rejecting the null hypothesis
Deciding to reject the null hypothesis when p < .05 in SPSS output.
Recode age groups
Recode age groups
Transform continuous age data into categorical values (e.g., 18-25 = 1).
One sample t-test reporting
One sample t-test reporting
Report t value, degrees of freedom (df), and p value in APA style.
Nominal variables
Nominal variables
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Skewness
Skewness
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Interval Variable
Interval Variable
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Dependent Variable
Dependent Variable
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Mean
Mean
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Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation
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Null Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
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Outlier
Outlier
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Study Notes
Variables
- Nominal variables have categories without quantitative differences.
- Scale variables describe numerical variables with meaningful differences.
- A dependent variable is a result of another variable.
- An independent variable causes an effect.
- Examples of categorical variables include religious affiliation and letter grades.
Descriptive Statistics
- The mean is the sum of all numbers divided by the count.
- Variability, or spread, of the data can be estimated via standard deviation.
- In SPSS, use the
AVERAGEfunction to calculate the average of multiple variables. - In SPSS, use the
Analyze>Descriptive Statistics>Frequenciesmenu to get descriptive statistics. - Standard deviation squared is variance.
Graphing
- The image is a bar graph.
- A bar graph visually displays categories and their respective values.
- The dependent variable on a bar graph goes on the y-axis or vertical axis.
Old Faithful Eruptions
- The graph shows the relationship between eruption duration and waiting time.
- The graph is a scatter plot, displaying data points as (x, y) coordinates.
- The line on the scatter plot is the linear regression line.
Skew and Kurtosis
- Skewness describes the asymmetry of a distribution.
- Kurtosis measures the "tailedness" or peak of a distribution.
- A normal distribution is symmetrical with a kurtosis of 3.
One Sample t-tests
- In a one-sample t-test, the sample mean is compared to a population mean.
- Statistical significance is typically defined as a p-value less than 0.05.
- If p is equal to or less than 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected.
- The null hypothesis is rejected when the p value is less than 0.05.
- A one sample t-test in SPSS utilizes 'Analyze' > 'Compare Means' > 'One-Sample T Test'. The input value is the population mean value.
Miscellaneous
- Box plots, often called box-and-whisker plots, display data distribution.
- The p-value is the criterion for rejecting the null hypothesis.
- To recode a variable in SPSS, use the
Transform>Recode into Different Variablesmenu. - For APA style, the output values for a one-sample t-test include the t statistic, degrees of freedom, and p-value.
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