Statistics and Research Methods Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does a significant ANOVA test indicate?

  • All groups are the same.
  • At least one group mean differs. (correct)
  • Post hoc analysis is not needed.
  • There are no differences among groups.

Post hoc analysis is necessary if an ANOVA test yields a non-significant result.

False (B)

What does the correlation coefficient range from?

-1 to 1

In a Tukey post hoc test, a p-value greater than __________ suggests no statistically significant differences exist.

<p>0.05</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the statistical terms with their descriptions:

<p>ANOVA = Tests for significant differences among group means. Post Hoc Analysis = Explains where differences exist. Correlation Coefficient = Measures relationship between two continuous variables. Descriptive Statistics = Summarizes and describes data features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Method section in a research paper?

<p>To outline how the research was conducted (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In scientific writing, it is important to use contractions for a more informal tone.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the three subsections that are typically included in the Method section of a research paper.

<p>Participants, Measures, Procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ____ section of a research article is characterized by broad context leading to specific research questions.

<p>Introduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements with their corresponding definitions:

<p>Title Page = Includes title, author, institution, course, instructor, and due date Abstract = Brief summary of aims, hypotheses, methods, findings, and conclusion References = List of sources for readers to locate cited works Appendices = Include supplemental materials like SPSS outputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tips is NOT associated with clear writing?

<p>Use varied synonyms in place of repetitive terms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The results section of a research article should be filled with unnecessary jargon.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of writing a Method section?

<p>To detail the study's design and execution for reproducibility and validation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interrater reliability is important for coding in a study.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of non-probability sampling?

<p>Affordability and feasibility for researchers</p> Signup and view all the answers

________ sampling reflects the composition of subgroups within the population without random selection.

<p>Quota</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sampling methods with their descriptions:

<p>Convenience Sampling = Collects participants easily accessible to the researcher Quota Sampling = Reflects the composition of subgroups without random selection Probability Sampling = Members of the population have a known chance of being selected Non-Probability Sampling = The selection of participants is not based on random methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of scientific writing in the Method section?

<p>Concise and objective language (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cronbach's Alpha measures the reliability of a scale.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one challenge associated with non-probability sampling?

<p>Limited generalizability and potential bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aggression was assessed using __________.

<p>questionnaires and observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using random assignment in experimental design?

<p>To ensure participant equivalence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Experimental design allows researchers to make causal statements.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dependent variable (DV) in the experiment involving violent films and aggression in children?

<p>Number of punches/kicks in a play session</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ section of a research article presents a concise description of the analyses that were conducted.

<p>results</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of the results section with their descriptions:

<p>Introduction = Restate research questions and hypotheses Presenting Findings = Summarize findings with statistical results Descriptive Statistics = Include mean and standard deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of experimental design?

<p>Controlled settings may not reflect real-world behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some variables in experimental research can be randomized.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What statistical tests might a researcher specify in the results section?

<p>t-test, F-test, correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

A __________ design assesses the relationship between variables without manipulating them.

<p>correlational</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which film example is used as a nonviolent comparison in the study?

<p>Winnie the Pooh (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is NOT a necessary step when performing a Chi-Squared Test in SPSS?

<p>Enable Cluster Bar Charts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A T-Test can be used to compare means of continuous variables across three or more categorical groups.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a T-Test?

<p>To determine if there's a statistically significant difference in the means of a continuous variable between two groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Chi-Squared analysis, ensure all variables are __________.

<p>categorical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following steps of performing an Independent Samples T-Test with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Access the T-Test Functionality = Go to Analyze → Compare Means → Independent Samples T-Test Assign Variables = Place continuous variable in Test Variable box Define Groups = Indicate coding for groups, such as 1 for males, 2 for females Set Options = Ensure a 95% confidence interval is selected</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which box should the continuous variable be placed in when performing an Independent Samples T-Test?

<p>Test Variable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chi-Squared Tests can only analyze two categorical variables.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if the groups in a T-Test are coded differently, like using '3' and '4' instead of '1' and '2'?

<p>Adjust the values according to the coding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

After setting options in a T-Test, it is important to ensure a __________ is selected.

<p>95% confidence interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be checked under the Counts section when performing a Chi-Squared Test?

<p>Both Observed and Expected (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Research Article Structure

Starts broad, narrows to specific details, then broadens again in introduction, methods, and discussion.

Method Section Components

Includes sections for participants, measures, and procedure.

Clear Writing: Main Points

Each paragraph should focus on a single idea backed up by evidence.

Logical Writing

Connect ideas using transition words (e.g., 'therefore,' 'similarly')

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APA Format - Title Page

Includes title, author, institution, course, instructor, and due date.

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APA Format - Abstract

Brief summary (aim, hypothesis, methods, findings, conclusion).

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Scientific Writing

Clear, concise, linear, requires revision, and focused on accuracy.

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ANOVA Main Effect

Determines if there's a significant difference between group means. It's a test to see if the overall groups are different.

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Post Hoc Analysis

Tells you specifically where the difference is between groups after a significant ANOVA result. Helps find which groups are significantly different.

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Mean Plot

A visual representation of the means of each group. Useful to quickly see the differences between groups.

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Correlation Coefficient (r)

A number between -1 and 1 that shows the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

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Positive Correlation

As one variable increases, the other variable also increases.

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Chi-Squared Test Purpose

Used to determine if there's a statistically significant association between two categorical variables.

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Chi-Squared Test Data

Requires categorical variables with observed and expected frequencies.

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T-Test Purpose

Determines if there's a statistically significant difference in the means of a continuous variable between two groups.

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T-Test Variables

Requires one continuous variable (like GPA) and one categorical variable with two levels (like gender).

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SPSS: Define Groups

In a T-Test, you need to tell SPSS how groups are coded (e.g., '1' for males, '2' for females).

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SPSS: Save Syntax Files?

Save syntax files for easy re-running of analysis without re-entering options.

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SPSS: Use Bar Charts?

Cluster bar charts provide a visual summary of relationships between variables for easy interpretation.

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Categorical Variables in Chi-Squared

All variables in a chi-squared analysis must be categorical, even if continuous data needs to be grouped.

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What's the Method Section's Goal?

To explain the study's design and how it was conducted, allowing others to replicate and validate the research.

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Participants Section: What to Include?

Describe the people in your study: how they were chosen, their characteristics, and how many participated. Mention any ethical approvals.

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Measures Section: What are Measured?

Clearly list the tools and methods (questionnaires, tests, etc.) used to gather data. Define each variable precisely.

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Procedure Section: How Was Data Collected?

Describe each step of the study, including any differences between groups, using past tense. Explain how you coded data and its reliability.

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Non-Probability Sampling: What is it?

A sampling method where the probability of a particular person being chosen is unknown. It's often used for practicality, not to represent the whole population.

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Convenience Sampling: What's the Idea?

Choosing participants based on their easy accessibility to the researcher. It's quick and easy, but the results might not be generalizable.

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Quota Sampling: Aim for Representation?

Creating subgroups within your sample to mirror the proportions of those subgroups in the whole population. However, participants within subgroups aren't chosen randomly.

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Why Use Non-Probability Sampling?

It's cost-effective, practical for researchers, and useful for understanding relationships between variables, not necessarily prevalence rates.

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Non-Probability Concerns:

Because participants aren't chosen randomly, there's a risk of bias and the results may not accurately reflect the whole population.

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Random Assignment

A technique in experimental research where participants are randomly assigned to different groups to ensure equal representation of characteristics and minimize the influence of extraneous variables.

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Control Group

A group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment, serving as a baseline for comparison against the treatment group.

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Experimental Design

Research method that systematically manipulates an independent variable (IV) to observe its effect on a dependent variable (DV), while controlling for other factors.

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Independent Variable (IV)

The variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

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Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment to see if it is affected by the independent variable.

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Causality

The relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable where the IV directly influences the DV.

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Extraneous Variables

Factors other than the independent variable that could potentially influence the dependent variable, affecting the experiment's validity.

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Artificiality

A limitation of experimental methods, where the controlled environment may make it difficult to generalize findings to real-world settings.

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Ethical Concerns

Potential issues related to participant welfare and informed consent, especially when withholding treatments in health studies.

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Results Section

A section in a research paper that presents a concise summary of the analyses and findings, without interpretation or discussion.

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Study Notes

Variables

  • A variable represents a category, object, event, or characteristic (e.g., age, gender, intelligence)
  • Variables must have two or more levels to allow meaningful differences.

Variable Types

  • Quantitative Variables: Numeric properties (e.g., test scores)
  • Categorical Variables: Use numbers as placeholders (e.g., gender: male = 1, female = 2)

Measurement Scales

  • Nominal: Categories without numeric meaning (e.g., gender)
  • Ordinal: Rank order with no equal intervals (e.g., Olympic medals)
  • Interval: Equal intervals but no true zero (e.g., temperature in Celsius)
  • Ratio: Equal intervals with a true zero (e.g., weight, time)
  • Categorical Variables: Nominal and ordinal
  • Continuous Variables: Interval and ratio.

Special Cases

  • Scales like Likert (e.g., "Strongly Agree" to "Strongly Disagree") are sometimes treated as continuous depending on the analysis.

Descriptive Statistics

  • Purpose: Summarize sample characteristics (e.g., age, gender breakdown) and provide measures of central tendency and data spread.
  • Key Measures:
    • Central Tendency: (for continuous data)
      • Mean: Average
      • Median: Middle score (for ordinal, interval, ratio)
      • Mode: Most frequent value (all types)
    • Spread:
      • Range: Highest score - lowest score
      • Standard Deviation: Average distance from the mean
  • Choosing the Measure
    • Mean is suitable for symmetric data
    • Median is better for skewed data (e.g., income distribution)

Using SPSS for Descriptive Statistics

  • Categorical Variables: Use frequencies and percentages (e.g., gender distribution)
  • Continuous Variables: Calculate mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key statistical concepts and research methodology with this comprehensive quiz. Topics include ANOVA tests, post hoc analysis, correlation coefficients, and the structure of research papers. Perfect for students studying statistics and research methods.

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