Statistics and Data Management
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Questions and Answers

What is statistics?

Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data.

What are the two main branches of statistics?

  • Qualitative Statistics
  • Quantitative Statistics
  • Inferential Statistics (correct)
  • Descriptive Statistics (correct)

    • Descriptive statistics involves drawing conclusions from data to predict or generalize results for a larger population.

    False

    Inferential statistics describes data without including predictions, theories, or conclusions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between data and information?

    <p>Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed. Information is data that has been processed, organized, structured, or presented in a given context to make it useful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed?

    <p>Data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of data is processed, organized, structured, or presented in a given context to make it useful?

    <p>Information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a level of measurement?

    <p>Qualitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of measurement classifies data into mutually exclusive categories with no meaningful order between them?

    <p>Nominal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of measurement classifies data into categories that are ranked in a natural order, but the intervals between the ranks are not necessarily consistent?

    <p>Ordinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of measurement measures data on a numerical scale where each value is placed at an equal distance from one another, but there is no true zero point?

    <p>Interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of nominal level data?

    <p>Categorizes and labels variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of ratio level data?

    <p>Has a true or meaningful zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a data collection method?

    <p>Experiments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surveys can only be conducted online.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Observations are always conducted in real-time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quantitative observations involve systematically counting or measuring.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qualitative observations involve taking detailed notes and writing rich descriptions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Field-specific data collection methods use techniques specific to certain areas of study.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of research instruments?

    <p>Researcher-made</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An adapted research instrument refers to a pre-existing research instrument that has been modified to suit the specific needs of a study.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A researcher-made research instrument is created by the researcher to collect data for his/her study.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way of presenting data?

    <p>Experimental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Textual presentation involves using charts, graphs, or plots to represent data.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tabular presentation uses tables to organize and display data in rows and columns.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Graphical presentation uses visual elements like charts, graphs, or plots to represent data.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Graphical presentations are often used for presentations or reports where quick insights are needed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Data Collection and Management

    • Data collection and management is a topic in mathematics.
    • A statistician is an expert in collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data.
    • Statisticians must have at least a master's degree in mathematics or statistics or be a trained professional in a related field.
    • A statistic is a single measure (number) used to summarize a sample dataset.

    What is Statistics?

    • Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data.
    • Example of a statistic: the average height of students in a class.

    Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics

    • Descriptive statistics describes data without making predictions or offering conclusions.
    • Inferential statistics draws conclusions from data to predict or generalize results for a larger population.

    Data vs. Information

    • Data is raw, unorganized facts. Data can be simple, random, and useless until organized.
    • Information is processed, organized, structured, or presented data. Information is given context to be useful.

    Types of Data/Levels of Measurement

    • Data types are categorized and measured in different ways.
    • Categorical Data: divided into subcategories.
      • Nominal: data with no meaningful order, like gender or eye color.
      • Ordinal: data with a meaningful order but no equal intervals, like school grades or Likert-type questions.
    • Numerical Data: data that can be measured or counted.
      • Interval: data with equal intervals but no true zero point, like temperature in Celsius.
      • Ratio: data with equal intervals and a true zero point, like weight or height.

    Levels of Measurement Summary

    • Nominal: Categorizes and labels variables. (e.g., gender, eye color)
    • Ordinal: Ranks categories in order. (e.g., school grades, socioeconomic status)
    • Interval: Equal intervals, but no true zero. (e.g., temperature in Celsius, test scores)
    • Ratio: Equal intervals, and a true zero. (e.g., weight, height, time)

    Data Collection Methods

    • Qualitative vs. Quantitative:
      • Qualitative: Research setting not as important. Non-standardized, narrative.
      • Quantitative: Controlled to the degree possible. Standardized, numerical.

    Data Collection Methods (continued)

    • Survey Methods: used to collect data on opinions, behaviors, experiences, and characteristics by directly asking people.
      • Questionnaires: Common in quantitative research, may be distributed online, by phone, mail, or in person. Usually offer closed questions with limited options. Allow data collection from many people.
      • Interviews: More common in qualitative research. Researcher conducts the interview in person, by phone, or online. Participants answer in their own words leading to exploring deeper ideas.
    • Observation Methods: Studying characteristics, behaviors, or social interactions without relying on self-reporting. May be conducted in real-time, taking notes, or making audiovisual recordings for later analysis.
      • Quantitative: Measuring, systematically counting, using categories and criteria.
      • Qualitative: Taking detailed notes, writing rich descriptions, and recording all relevant observations.

    Data Collection Methods (continued)

    • Field-Specific Methods: Data collection methods appropriate to various fields:
      • Media & Communication: Collecting text samples (speeches, articles).
      • Psychology: Neuroimaging, eye-tracking, computer-based tasks.
      • Education: Tests and assignments.
      • Physical Sciences: Scientific instruments (weight, blood pressure).

    Data Collection Methods (continued)

    • Adopted, Adapted, Researcher-made Instruments:
      • Adopted: Research instruments taken directly from a standardized source without modifications.
      • Adapted: Pre-existing research instruments modified to fit a study's needs.
      • Researcher-made: Instruments created by the researcher to collect data for their specific study.

    Ways of Presenting Data

    • Textual Presentation: Data in narrative or descriptive format. Useful for detailed explanation, trends, and insights.
    • Tabular Presentation: Data organized in rows and columns. Useful for easy comparison across multiple categories.
    • Graphical Presentation: Using visual elements like charts, graphs, or plots to present data. Highlights patterns, trends, and relationships. Good for quickly grasping insights.

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    Related Documents

    Data Collection and Management PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential concepts of data collection and statistics in this quiz. Learn the differences between descriptive and inferential statistics and understand the importance of data organization. Perfect for students seeking to deepen their knowledge in mathematics and statistics.

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