Statistics and Data Management Quiz

Data collection encompasses gathering, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data.
Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data.

Statistics involves the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.
A statistic is a single measure (a numerical value) used to summarize a data set, such as the average height of students in a class.
A statistician is an expert in mathematics or statistics, or a trained expert in a related field, with at least a master's degree.

Descriptive statistics describes data without making predictions or drawing conclusions.
Inferential statistics draws conclusions about data to predict or generalize results for a larger population.

Data are raw, unorganized facts, potentially random and meaningless before organization.
Information is organized, structured data presented in a context to make it useful.

Data types are categorized into categorical (Nominal, Ordinal) and numerical (Interval, Ratio).

Data types include:
- Categorical: Nominal and Ordinal
- Numerical: Interval and Ratio

Nominal level: Data are categorized and labeled without any inherent order or ranking (e.g., gender, eye color, nationality).
Ordinal level: Data are categorized and ranked in a logical order or sequence but the difference between categories aren't equally spaced (e.g., school grades, educational attainment, Likert-type questions.
Interval level: Data are measured on a scale where the difference between values is meaningful, though the zero point doesn't represent the absence of the property (e.g., test scores, temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit).
Ratio level: Data measured on a scale where the difference between values is meaningful, AND a zero point truly represents the absence of the property (e.g., weight, height, age, distance, temperature in Kelvin).

Qualitative research focuses on uncontrolled, rich details through approaches like non-standardized data collection.
Quantitative research relies on controlled, measurable data through standardized means like tests.

Questionnaires: Commonly found in quantitative research surveys, often using closed-ended questions.
Interviews: Commonly used in qualitative research, where participants are asked open-ended questions to explore their point of view in-depth.
Observations: Unobtrusive way to collect data on actions, feelings, or behaviors without self-reporting. Usually split by type (qualitative, quantitative).
Field-Specific Methods: Collect specific types of data, such as texts, to see patterns or using psychological tests for attention/response time.
Adopted Instruments: Research instruments taken directly from a standardized source, without changes.
Adapted Instruments: Pre-existing research instruments, modified to meet the specific needs of the study by changing/removing/altering items.
Researcher-Made Instruments: Created by researchers to collect specific data for their study.

Textual Presentation: Data presented in written form (e.g., narratives, descriptions). This is good for in-depth explanations.
Tabular Presentation: Data organized in tables (rows and columns) aiding in comparison and analysis.
Graphical Presentation: Utilizing charts and graphs to visually portray data trends, relationships, and patterns effectively. Useful for presenting to a general audience.