Statistics and Data Analysis Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of continuous data?

  • Number of hospitalizations
  • Number of pregnancies
  • Number of needle punctures
  • Height (correct)

    • Inferential analysis aims to provide a detailed description of the data collected.

    False

    What is the main goal of qualitative analysis?

    To understand the meaning behind non-numerical data.

    Qualitative data with unordered categories is referred to as ________.

    <p>nominal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of analysis with its primary focus:

    <p>Descriptive Statistics = Summarizing and describing data Thematic Analysis = Identifying common themes Regression Analysis = Identifying relationships between variables Content Analysis = Categorizing recurring patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques is used to analyze user interaction logs over time?

    <p>Time Series Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Descriptive statistics provide numerical descriptions of the data.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase comes immediately after identifying and specifying users’ requirements in the design process?

    <p>Design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activity-centered design focuses primarily on the technical aspects of the system rather than on user actions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does task analysis involve?

    <p>Understanding a user’s task, including the user, their task, and their environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The approach that focuses on the technical aspects and goals of the system rather than user needs is called ____.

    <p>System-Centered Design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the design approaches with their descriptions:

    <p>Activity-Centered Design = Focuses on user actions to reach a goal System-Centered Design = Focuses on the technical aspects of the system Genius Design = Relies on designer's creativity and intuition Task Analysis = Involves understanding of user tasks and environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following visualizations is best suited for comparing categories over time?

    <p>Bar Charts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Data visualization only includes charts and graphs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data representation uses auditory alerts in real-time monitoring?

    <p>Multimodal Data Representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ are used for representing proportional data or percentages.

    <p>Pie Charts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of data representation with their examples:

    <p>Heatmaps = Web click tracking Timelines = Visualizing historical events 3D Maps = Representing urban structures Icons = Weather App symbols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of representation effectively shows trends over continuous periods?

    <p>Line Graphs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Icons and pictograms rely heavily on text to convey meaning.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What spatial technique is used in medical imaging?

    <p>3D representations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tactile feedback in wearable devices is often conveyed through ________.

    <p>vibrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of data representation with their descriptions:

    <p>Multimodal Data Representation = Using multiple sensory modalities to represent data Temporal Data Representation = Representing data over time 3D Representation = Using spatial techniques to enhance understanding Narrative-Based Representation = Integrating data into a story</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a functional requirement for the GPS smartwatch?

    <p>Weigh less than 30 grams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-functional requirements for the GPS smartwatch include a requirement for fashionable design.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the smartwatch do when the user is misdirected?

    <p>Vibrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The GPS smartwatch must be opened in less than ______ seconds.

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the requirements with their categories:

    <p>Lightweight design = Non-functional Voice command reception = Functional Location accuracy = Data Context of use = Environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main purposes of clearly defined requirements?

    <p>To clarify objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    User-centered design is a process that ignores user needs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the weight of the GPS smartwatch be?

    <p>Less than 30 grams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Requirements help to manage ______ by identifying what the system will and will not include.

    <p>scope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT a part of interaction design approaches?

    <p>System downtime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do functional requirements specify?

    <p>Specific functions and operations the system must support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-functional requirements describe what the system must do.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of requirements in a system or project?

    <p>To define the desired functionality, behavior, and attributes of a system or solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A user requirement may include the ability to search for products by _____ in the system.

    <p>keyword</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of requirements with their definitions:

    <p>Functional Requirements = Describe specific functions and operations Non-Functional Requirements = Specify qualities like performance and usability System Requirements = Detail hardware and software needs User Requirements = Represent end user's expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a non-functional requirement?

    <p>The system must respond to user input within 2 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    System requirements outline the expected behavior of the end user.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give an example of a user requirement.

    <p>The user should be able to search for products by keyword.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Requirements define the _____ functionality, behavior, and attributes of a system.

    <p>desired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which requirement describes 'the database should support up to 10,000 concurrent users'?

    <p>System Requirement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Data Analysis & Presentation

    • Data analysis and presentation in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is crucial for understanding user interaction with systems.
    • Improving interactions makes systems more efficient, effective, and user-friendly.
    • This process involves collecting, analyzing, and presenting data to help designers and researchers make informed decisions about design and usability.

    Types of Data

    • Data can be categorized as qualitative or quantitative.
    • Qualitative data includes characteristics like opinions, attitudes, and behaviors.
    • Quantitative data includes numerical values such as frequency, quantity, and magnitude.
    • Quantitative data can be further categorized as discrete or continuous.
    • Discrete data takes specific numerical values. Examples include number of pregnancies, needle punctures, and hospitalizations.
    • Continuous data can take any value in an interval. Examples include body mass, height, and blood pressure.
    • Qualitative data with unordered categories is called nominal.
    • Qualitative data with ordered categories is called ordinal.

    Data Analysis Techniques (Quantitative Analysis)

    • Quantitative analysis collects numerical data like frequency, quantity, and magnitude.
    • It aims to provide numerical descriptions and explanations of the data.
    • Techniques include Descriptive statistics, Inferential Statistics, and Time Series Analysis.

    Descriptive Statistics

    • Statistics like Median, Mode, Mean, Range etc are used to understand data.
    • Median is the middle number in a sorted list.
    • Mode is the most frequent number.
    • Mean is the average.
    • Range is the difference between the largest and smallest value.
    • Other descriptive statistics include Histogram, Distribution, Skewness, Percentiles, Quartiles, Interquartile Range, and Outliers.

    Inferential Statistics

    • Inferential Statistics identify significant differences or relationships within data using techniques like t-tests, ANOVA, or regression analysis.
    • Techniques such as Hypothesis Testing, Regression Analysis, Z-test, F-test, T-test, ANOVA Test and other tests are used to analyze data.

    Time Series Analysis

    • Use Time Series Analysis when analyzing user interaction logs over time to identify patterns or trends, such as seasonality.

    Data Analysis Techniques (Qualitative Analysis)

    • Qualitative analysis collects non-numerical data like opinions, attitudes, and behaviors.
    • Aims to understand meaning behind data.
    • Different types of analysis include Thematic Analysis, Content Analysis, and Affinity Diagrams.

    Data Presentation

    • Data presentation structures, visualizes, and communicates data to users through an interface.
    • The design of data representation impacts usability, cognition, decision-making, and overall user experience.

    Data Visualization

    • Data Visualization translates raw data into graphical forms such as charts, graphs, and maps to help users quickly understand insights or trends.
    • Examples include Bar Charts, Line Graphs, Pie Charts, Heat Maps, Column Charts, Bar Charts, and Histogram Charts.

    Multimodal Data Representation

    • Multimodal methods use multiple sensory modalities (visual, auditory, tactile) to represent data.
    • Examples include Visual and Auditory Alerts and Tactile Feedback systems.

    Icons and Pictograms

    • Icons and pictograms use simplified graphical symbols to represent actions and data quickly, without text.
    • Examples are used in Weather Apps, and File Management Systems.

    3D and Spatial Representation

    • Representing data in three dimensions or using spatial techniques enhances understanding, particularly for large datasets or geographical information.
    • Examples include Medical Imaging and Geographical Information Systems (GIS).

    Temporal Data Representation

    • Used to track trends, changes, and events over time.
    • Examples include Timelines and Animations.

    Narrative-Based Representation

    • Integrating data into a coherent story or sequence of events enhances user understanding.
    • Examples include Interactive Stories.

    Data Presentation = Use Cases

    • The actor represents the individual or system interacting with the data.
    • The system provides appropriate data representations.

    Requirements

    • Requirements are the conditions or capabilities a product, system, or project must meet to satisfy user needs and expectations.
    • Defining requirements is crucial during the design, development, and testing processes.
      • Functional requirements define the system's actions (e.g., login, report generation, data filtering)
      • Non-functional requirements specify qualities like performance, usability, security, and scalability (e.g., response time, accessibility, data encryption)
      • System requirements specify the necessary hardware, software, or infrastructure for effective system operation.
      • User requirements specify how the system should behave from the user's perspective.

    Interaction Design Approaches

    • Methodologies and strategies for creating intuitive, effective, and enjoyable user interfaces and experiences (emphasizing user behavior and design creativity).
      • User-Centered Design (UCD): Focusing on user needs throughout the design process.
      • Activity-Centered Design: Focuses on the actions and tasks users need to perform.
      • System-Centered Design: Focuses on the technical specifications and goals of the system, independent of user interface.
      • Genius Design : Design based on the designer’s creativity and experience without comprehensive user input.

    Phases in User-Centered Design

    • Understanding the context of user interaction
    • Specifying user requirements
    • Designing solutions
    • Evaluating designs against requirements

    Task Analysis

    • Understanding a user's task, their environment, and their mental processes.
    • Two common approaches are Cognitive and Hierarchical task analysis

    Who are the Users?

    • End Users: Directly interact with the system or product.
    • Stakeholders: Have an interest in the system but don't directly interact.
    • Power Users: Highly experienced users familiar with the system's functions.
    • Novice Users: New to the system or product, require more guidance.
    • Secondary Users: Less frequent or indirect interactions with the system.

    Summary of User Involvement Across Approaches

    • User involvement levels vary based on project goals, resources, and the chosen design approach.
    •  High, Medium, and Low involvement levels are used in interaction design to classify the extent to which users participate in the design and development process

    Level of User Involvement

    • In interaction design, the level of user involvement can vary greatly depending on project goals, resources, and the chosen design approach.
    • High involvement, moderate involvement, and low involvement are used in interaction design to detail different points in the user process.

    Comparison of High, Medium, and Low Involvement

    • A breakdown of the description, activities, and appropriate usages for each user involvement level, along with their challenges.

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    Lecture 4: Data Analysis & Presentation PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various statistical concepts and data analysis techniques. This quiz covers topics such as continuous data, qualitative analysis, descriptive statistics, and design approaches. Perfect for students and professionals looking to refresh their understanding of data analysis.

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