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Questions and Answers
What is the term for the temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at atmospheric pressure?
What is the process of changing a solid directly into vapors on heating?
What is the energy required to change 1kg of solid into liquid?
What is the term for the change of a liquid into a gas at a specific temperature?
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What happens to the kinetic energy of particles in a solid when it is heated?
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What is the state of matter that occurs when a substance is cooled to a low enough temperature?
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What is the term for the flow of particles without friction?
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What is the term for the changing of solid directly into vapors on cooling?
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What is the amount of heat energy required to change 1kg of liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point?
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What determines the state of a substance?
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What happens to particles at the surface of a liquid during evaporation?
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What is the effect of an increase in temperature on the rate of evaporation?
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What is the result of evaporation on the surrounding?
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What is the difference between evaporation and boiling?
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What is the SI unit of temperature?
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What is the relationship between Celsius and Kelvin scales?
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What is a characteristic of a solid at the microscopic level?
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Why are liquids not easily compressible?
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What is a characteristic of a gas at the microscopic level?
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Why do plasmas have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume?
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What is a characteristic of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)?
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What is not a characteristic of a solid?
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Why do gases flow very easily?
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What is a characteristic of plasmas?
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Study Notes
States of Matter
- Water can exist in three states of matter: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapour)
Vaporisation
- Heat energy required to change 1kg of liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point is called latent heat of vaporisation
Evaporation and Boiling
- Particles of matter are always moving and are never at rest
- At a given temperature, particles in a gas, liquid, or solid have different amounts of kinetic energy
- In liquids, particles with higher kinetic energy at the surface break away from the forces of attraction and get converted into vapour
- This phenomenon is called evaporation
- Evaporation occurs below the boiling point of a liquid
- Factors affecting evaporation:
- Surface area: increases the rate of evaporation
- Temperature: increases the rate of evaporation
- Humidity: decreases the rate of evaporation if the air is already saturated with water vapour
- Wind speed: increases the rate of evaporation
- Evaporation causes cooling
Boiling vs Evaporation
- Boiling is a bulk phenomenon where particles from the bulk of the liquid change into vapour state
- Evaporation is a surface phenomenon where particles from the surface gain enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction
Temperature Scales
- Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature
- 0°C = 273 K
Interchange in States of Matter
- Sublimation: the changing of solid directly into vapours on heating & vapours into solid on cooling
- Examples: ammonium chloride, camphor, and iodine
Effect of Change in Temperature
- On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of the particles increases, overcoming the forces of attraction, and the solid melts and becomes a liquid
- The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at atmospheric pressure is called its melting point
- The melting point of ice is 273.16 K
- The process of melting is also known as fusion
Effect of Change of Pressure
- Increasing or decreasing the pressure can change the state of matter
- Applying pressure and reducing temperature can liquefy gases
- Solid carbon dioxide (CO2) is stored under high pressure and gets converted directly to gaseous state on decrease of pressure to 1 atmosphere without coming into liquid state
Latent Heat
- The hidden heat that breaks the force of attraction between molecules during change of state
Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)
- A state of matter that can arise at very low temperatures
- Molecules are really close to each other, even closer than atoms in a solid
- Scientists who worked with BEC received a Nobel Prize in 1995
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Solids
- Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume because particles are locked into place
- Solids do not flow easily because particles cannot move/slide past one another
- Solids are not easily compressible because there is little free space between particles
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Liquids
- Liquids are not easily compressible and have a definite volume because there is little free space between particles
- Liquids flow easily because particles can move/slide past one another
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Gases
- Gases are easily compressible because there is a great deal of free space between particles
- Gases flow very easily because particles randomly move past one another
- Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume because particles can move past one another
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Plasmas
- Plasmas have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume because particles can move past one another
- Plasmas are easily compressible because there is a great deal of free space between particles
- Plasmas are good conductors of electricity and are affected by magnetic fields because they are composed of ions
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of BEC
- Particles are less energetic than solids because they exist at very low temperature
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of states of matter, thermodynamics, and phase transitions. It explains how temperature and pressure determine the state of a substance and explores concepts like vaporization and evaporation.
