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What is the term for the temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at atmospheric pressure?
What is the term for the temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at atmospheric pressure?
What is the process of changing a solid directly into vapors on heating?
What is the process of changing a solid directly into vapors on heating?
What is the energy required to change 1kg of solid into liquid?
What is the energy required to change 1kg of solid into liquid?
What is the term for the change of a liquid into a gas at a specific temperature?
What is the term for the change of a liquid into a gas at a specific temperature?
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What happens to the kinetic energy of particles in a solid when it is heated?
What happens to the kinetic energy of particles in a solid when it is heated?
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What is the state of matter that occurs when a substance is cooled to a low enough temperature?
What is the state of matter that occurs when a substance is cooled to a low enough temperature?
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What is the term for the flow of particles without friction?
What is the term for the flow of particles without friction?
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What is the term for the changing of solid directly into vapors on cooling?
What is the term for the changing of solid directly into vapors on cooling?
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What is the amount of heat energy required to change 1kg of liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point?
What is the amount of heat energy required to change 1kg of liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point?
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What determines the state of a substance?
What determines the state of a substance?
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What happens to particles at the surface of a liquid during evaporation?
What happens to particles at the surface of a liquid during evaporation?
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What is the effect of an increase in temperature on the rate of evaporation?
What is the effect of an increase in temperature on the rate of evaporation?
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What is the result of evaporation on the surrounding?
What is the result of evaporation on the surrounding?
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What is the difference between evaporation and boiling?
What is the difference between evaporation and boiling?
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What is the SI unit of temperature?
What is the SI unit of temperature?
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What is the relationship between Celsius and Kelvin scales?
What is the relationship between Celsius and Kelvin scales?
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What is a characteristic of a solid at the microscopic level?
What is a characteristic of a solid at the microscopic level?
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Why are liquids not easily compressible?
Why are liquids not easily compressible?
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What is a characteristic of a gas at the microscopic level?
What is a characteristic of a gas at the microscopic level?
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Why do plasmas have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume?
Why do plasmas have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume?
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What is a characteristic of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)?
What is a characteristic of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)?
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What is not a characteristic of a solid?
What is not a characteristic of a solid?
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Why do gases flow very easily?
Why do gases flow very easily?
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What is a characteristic of plasmas?
What is a characteristic of plasmas?
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Study Notes
States of Matter
- Water can exist in three states of matter: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapour)
Vaporisation
- Heat energy required to change 1kg of liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point is called latent heat of vaporisation
Evaporation and Boiling
- Particles of matter are always moving and are never at rest
- At a given temperature, particles in a gas, liquid, or solid have different amounts of kinetic energy
- In liquids, particles with higher kinetic energy at the surface break away from the forces of attraction and get converted into vapour
- This phenomenon is called evaporation
- Evaporation occurs below the boiling point of a liquid
- Factors affecting evaporation:
- Surface area: increases the rate of evaporation
- Temperature: increases the rate of evaporation
- Humidity: decreases the rate of evaporation if the air is already saturated with water vapour
- Wind speed: increases the rate of evaporation
- Evaporation causes cooling
Boiling vs Evaporation
- Boiling is a bulk phenomenon where particles from the bulk of the liquid change into vapour state
- Evaporation is a surface phenomenon where particles from the surface gain enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction
Temperature Scales
- Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature
- 0°C = 273 K
Interchange in States of Matter
- Sublimation: the changing of solid directly into vapours on heating & vapours into solid on cooling
- Examples: ammonium chloride, camphor, and iodine
Effect of Change in Temperature
- On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of the particles increases, overcoming the forces of attraction, and the solid melts and becomes a liquid
- The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at atmospheric pressure is called its melting point
- The melting point of ice is 273.16 K
- The process of melting is also known as fusion
Effect of Change of Pressure
- Increasing or decreasing the pressure can change the state of matter
- Applying pressure and reducing temperature can liquefy gases
- Solid carbon dioxide (CO2) is stored under high pressure and gets converted directly to gaseous state on decrease of pressure to 1 atmosphere without coming into liquid state
Latent Heat
- The hidden heat that breaks the force of attraction between molecules during change of state
Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)
- A state of matter that can arise at very low temperatures
- Molecules are really close to each other, even closer than atoms in a solid
- Scientists who worked with BEC received a Nobel Prize in 1995
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Solids
- Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume because particles are locked into place
- Solids do not flow easily because particles cannot move/slide past one another
- Solids are not easily compressible because there is little free space between particles
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Liquids
- Liquids are not easily compressible and have a definite volume because there is little free space between particles
- Liquids flow easily because particles can move/slide past one another
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Gases
- Gases are easily compressible because there is a great deal of free space between particles
- Gases flow very easily because particles randomly move past one another
- Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume because particles can move past one another
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Plasmas
- Plasmas have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume because particles can move past one another
- Plasmas are easily compressible because there is a great deal of free space between particles
- Plasmas are good conductors of electricity and are affected by magnetic fields because they are composed of ions
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of BEC
- Particles are less energetic than solids because they exist at very low temperature
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of states of matter, thermodynamics, and phase transitions. It explains how temperature and pressure determine the state of a substance and explores concepts like vaporization and evaporation.
