States and Properties of Matter

• The chapter is about the states and properties of matter.
• The lesson will help to understand the properties of matter and its various forms.
• Use properties of matter to identify substances and separate them.
• Recognize formulas of common chemical substances.

Topics Covered

• States and Properties of Matter.
• Common Substances.
• Separation Techniques.

Fundamental States of Matter

• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma

Solid State

• Solids have a definite shape and volume like ice cubes.
• Particles are closely packed together, making solids difficult to compress and resulting in high density.
• Solids typically exist at a lower temperature.

Liquid State

• Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container, like water in a glass.
• The particles in liquids can move and slide past one another.
• Liquids typically exist at a higher temperature compared to solids.
• Solids are generally more dense than liquids.

Gaseous State

• Gases have no definite shape or volume.
• The particles move freely and spread out to fill any available space.
• Gases have low density.
• Typically exist at higher temperatures compared to solids and liquids.

Plasma State

• Plasma is formed by heating and ionizing a gas.
• It consists of positively charged particles.
• Plasma has no definite shape or volume.
• It generates high temperature and pressure.

Additional States of Matter

Bose-Einstein Condensate

• Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein predicted this state in the 1920s.
• Atoms stop acting as individual atoms and behave like a single "super atom".
• Clumping results in the formation of BEC when atoms have exactly the same levels of low energy.
• An example is Rb Atoms.

Fermionic Condensate

• Deborah Jin and her group first created this in 2003 using potassium atoms.
• Fermionic condensates are anti-social, meaning they do not attract each other.
• Fermions include protons, neutrons, electrons, neutrinos, and quarks.
• Bose-Einstein condensates are made up of bosons and are social, meaning they clump together. Fermionic condensates are anti-social and have to be done artificially

Properties of Matter

• Matter is everything around us, taking up space and possessing mass.

Chemical Property

• A substance can be determined by changing the original chemical identity of it.

Physical Property

• Properties of a substance can be observed or measured without changing its chemical identity.

Types of Physical Properties

Extensive Properties

• Dependent on the amount of material (e.g., weight, size, length, volume, height).

Intensive Properties

• Independent of the amount of material (e.g., density, malleability, ductility, conductivity, luster, melting/boiling point).

Chemical Properties

• Reactivity.
• Toxicity.
• Acidity.
• Flammability.
• Ability to form rust.
• Ability to oxidize.

Common Substances

• Includes water, carbon dioxide, plant sugar etc

Chemical Formulas and Common Names of Substances

• Water: Formula H2O, Chemical name dihydrogen monoxide.
• Hydrogen Peroxide: Formula H2O2, Chemical name hydrogen peroxide.
• Carbon Tetrahydride: Formula CH4, Common name carbon tetrahydride.
• Dry Ice: Chemical name carbon dioxide.
• Nitrogen Trihydride: Formula NH3, Chemical name nitrogen trihydride.
• Laughing Gas: Formula N2O, Common name laughing gas.
• Table Salt: Chemical name sodium chloride.
• Limestone: Formula CaCO3, Common name limestone.
• Plant Sugar: Formula C6H12O6, Common name plant sugar.
• Fruit Alcohol: Formula C2H5OH, Common name fruit alcohol.

Key To Correction

• Pure substance: 1
• Mixture: 2
• Element :3
• Compound 4
• Metal, non metal and metalloids: 5-7
• Base, salt and organic: 8-10
• Homogenous: 11
• Heterogenous: 12
• Solution: 13
• Colloids and suspention: 14 and 15

Separating Techniques

• A way to seperate different mixtures based on different techniques

Separating techniques using matter

• Matter has constant properties and composition
• If 'no' you have a mixture. If 'yes' you have a pure substance
• If you have a mixture and its not uniform, than its heterogeneous
• If a pure substance can be chemically simplified than it is a compound
• If a pure substance cannot be chemically simplified it is an element

Separating Techniques Scenario

• A common scenario involves separating concrete, metal, and sand.
• Use of a magnet is the separation technique for metal
• Concrete and metal are solids.

Activity 1.4 Instruction

• Use space in the table to write the correct answer by identifying the correct separation technique.
• State component of mixture and states of each component of the mixture.
• Any forms of erasure, alteration of answer, and super imposition will be marked as wrong answer.

Potable Water Scenario

• Scientists need to separate sand from collected water.
• Filtration is a separating technique.

Removing Unwanted Oil Scenario

• What is the best way to remove unwanted oil from a container holding liquid?

Cocktail Mixture Scenario

• How to separate miscible liquids like spirits, syrups, and tonic water in a cocktail.

Key to Correction - Separating Techniques

• Filtration separates sand (solid).
• Decantation separates water (liquid).
• Distillation separates flavored syrups and water (liquid)

Filtration

• Solid particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by using a filter medium.

Decantation

• Using gravity to separate two immiscible liquids or a mixture of a solid and a liquid.
• Use a glass rod/stirring rod when transferring a liquid from one container to another.

Distillation

• Physical separation based on vaporization of the different components of the mixture.
• Filtrate is the term for the liquid that has been filtered in filtration.

Paper Chromatography

• Separating dissolved chemical substances by taking advantage of their different rates of migration across sheets of paper.