POLS340 Kilcullen (2009)
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Questions and Answers

What is essential for analyzing the transformation of a particular group?

  • International collaboration among states
  • Criteria that distinguish one situation from another (correct)
  • Involvement of armed non-state actors
  • A comprehensive legal framework

Which of the following best defines fragile statehood?

  • States with severe deficits in governance and key functions (correct)
  • States that have completely failed or collapsed
  • States characterized by strong governance and legitimacy
  • States with a stable bureaucracy and international support

What are the three basic state functions mentioned in relation to statehood?

  • Legitimacy, rule of law, and economic growth
  • Governance, democracy, and security
  • Crisis management, international relations, and public health
  • Security, welfare, and legitimacy/rule of law (correct)

What role does the state have in ensuring the security of its citizens?

<p>Defending against external security threats and maintaining internal order (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conceptual focus does the term 'statehood' emphasize?

<p>Core state functions and the political decision-making process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the forces set up by warlords?

<p>To ensure self-defense and deter internal rivals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do warlords typically secure their power?

<p>Using private armies and exploiting resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common tactic used by terrorist organizations?

<p>Performing suicide attacks and sabotage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of the organizational structure of many terrorist groups?

<p>Hierarchical structure with command levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivates criminals operating in mafia-type structures?

<p>Engaging in illegal activities for profit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential target for terrorist attacks?

<p>Military sites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of warlords, what do they often do after a combat activity has ended?

<p>Run for public office to legalize their gains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ideology is NOT typically associated with terrorist groups?

<p>Philosophical idealism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which warlord is known for assuming a high-ranking political position in Liberia?

<p>Charles Taylor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of phenomenon is terrorism described as in the given content?

<p>A global phenomenon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is NOT listed as a classical terrorist organization?

<p>Al-Qaeda (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In regards to organized crime, which of the following sources discusses illicit markets?

<p>Williams, P. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are private military and security companies commonly associated with?

<p>The privatization of war (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of states does the concept of fragile statehood relate to?

<p>States facing security and developmental issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which author discusses the challenges of 'new wars' and their economic implications?

<p>Heupel, M. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is associated with the conflict in the Basque region?

<p>Basque ETA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do marauders often play in conflicts according to the provided information?

<p>They act as auxiliaries for armed forces or political movements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do many armed non-state actors view the distinction between combatants and non-combatants?

<p>They see the distinction as largely irrelevant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend has emerged in conflicts since the 1990s regarding armed groups?

<p>The process of transnationalisation among armed groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic behavior of classical rebel or guerrilla movements compared to marauders?

<p>They avoid excessive violence against civilians. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of transnationalisation on armed groups' economic activities?

<p>It links war economies to global shadow markets. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been the shift regarding the civilian population in contemporary conflicts?

<p>Civilians have become the primary targets of armed actors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the operation of rebel groups from that of clan chiefs and marauders?

<p>Rebel groups utilize transnational networks more extensively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of fragmenting armed groups according to the discussed strategies?

<p>To create more radical splinter groups (A), To transform groups into purely political entities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do armed non-state actors generally treat representatives of the state apparatus?

<p>They often label them as combatants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a coercive measure utilized by international actors?

<p>Diplomatic negotiations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What risk does the strategy of coercion imply for the international community?

<p>Potential backlashes and failures in efforts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is sustained international support for state-building processes often challenging?

<p>The UN Security Council prioritizes new crises over ongoing efforts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential downside of coercive measures mentioned in the strategies?

<p>They may harm the interests of non-state actors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of actors can be harmed by international sanctions as mentioned in the strategies?

<p>Non-state actors including warlords and rebel leaders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can armed non-state actors change their strategies according to the discussed processes?

<p>Through experiences of collective learning over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the international community need to be willing to invest in when dealing with armed non-state actors?

<p>Political capital, resources, and time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of involving leading figures of armed groups in a political process?

<p>Formation of more extreme splinter groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a controversial strategy to induce cooperation among spoilers?

<p>Offering material incentives such as economic resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of granting amnesty to armed non-state actors?

<p>To incentivize them to end their violent behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy aims to isolate armed non-state actors from their potential supporters?

<p>Containment and marginalisation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who might show receptiveness to bribery as a strategy?

<p>Profit-driven actors like warlords. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which context may amnesty be part of when applied to non-state actors?

<p>A larger political package addressing broader issues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic do bribes possess in the context of peace-building processes?

<p>They may be essential for initiating peace processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'spoilers' refer to in the context discussed?

<p>Individuals seeking power through violence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Warlord

Local leaders who gain power during or after conflict, often through private armies, and exploit resources or people for profit.

Terrorist Groups

Groups that use violence and fear to achieve political goals, often with a strict hierarchy and clandestine structure.

Internal Armed Forces

These forces are usually set up for self-defense, but can also be used against rivals within a country.

Criminals

Individuals or groups participating in illegal activities, such as robbery, fraud, or smuggling, often with connections to organized crime.

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Warlord's Economic Ties

Warlords often use connections to global markets to gain resources and profit.

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Warlord Private Armies

A warlord's power is often built upon private armies. These armies are not part of the official national military forces.

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Terrorist Targets

Terrorist groups may target civilians, government buildings, or businesses to spread fear or make a political statement.

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Warlord Politics

Often, warlords attempt to legitimize their position by running for public office after the war.

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Fragile Statehood

A state that struggles to effectively perform basic functions like security, welfare, and maintaining the rule of law for its citizens.

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Security Function of a State

The ability of a state to control its territory, protect its citizens from internal and external threats, and ensure the security of resources.

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Welfare Function of a State

The state's responsibility to provide essential services and support to its citizens, such as healthcare, education, and social welfare programs.

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Legitimacy and Rule of Law Function

The state's capacity to establish and maintain a fair and transparent legal system, ensuring that laws are enforced and justice is served.

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Tax Administration and Revenue Collection

A state's ability to successfully collect taxes from its citizens and use those funds to support its operations and provide public services.

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Marauders

Armed non-state actors who often disregard the distinction between combatants and non-combatants in international law.

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Transnationalisation

The practice of merging and operating across borders to gain advantages in war or post-war periods.

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Blurring of Combatant/Non-Combatant Distinction

A key feature of many armed non-state actors, this refers to their lack of respect for the legal distinction between soldiers and civilians.

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Transnational Networks

Activities of armed non-state actors often involve cross-border smuggling, global black markets, and the spread of political agendas/ideology.

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Strategic Deployment of Marauders

The practice of using armed non-state actors as auxiliaries to carry out acts of violence, like ethnic cleansing and massacres.

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Types of Groups Involved in Transnationalisation

These types of groups include rebels, warlords, mercenaries, criminals, and even terrorist organizations, all engaging in transnational activities.

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Dissemination of Political Agendas

The practice of seeking support from diaspora communities, third-party states, NGOs, and international media to spread their messages.

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Targeting of Civilians

The act of attacking mainly civilians for political or economic gain, highlighting a shift from traditional guerrilla warfare tactics.

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Socialisation of Armed Actors

A strategy for managing armed non-state actors where they are gradually integrated into existing power structures, accepting established norms and rules of the game.

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Bribery in Peacebuilding

Involves providing material incentives like money or positions of power to persuade or silence armed non-state actors, encouraging cooperation.

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Amnesty in Peacebuilding

A strategy that involves offering amnesty for past crimes and actions, aiming to incentivize non-state actors to renounce violence.

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Containment & Marginalisation

This approach focuses on limiting the influence of armed actors by isolating them from potential supporters and marginalizing them from society.

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Spoilers

The act of engaging in violence or threats of violence to disrupt a peacebuilding process.

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Collective Learning of Armed Actors

A process of learning and adaptation that armed non-state actors undergo, which may lead to changes in their strategies, preferences, and even their character.

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Socialisation into Existing Institutions

This occurs when armed actors are integrated into pre-existing political institutions, accepting the rules and norms of the game, sometimes out of necessity and sometimes out of genuine belief in the legitimacy of the system.

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Strategies and Preferences of Armed Actors

Armed actors may adjust their strategies and ultimately their preferences and character based on their experiences, interactions with others, and their perception of the environment they operate in.

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Enforcing Splits and Internal Rivalry

A method of weakening armed groups by encouraging splits and internal rivalry. This can be achieved by offering deals to some leading figures or involving them in a political process to encourage them to leave their group or transform it into a political movement.

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Co-Opting Armed Groups

A strategy for dealing with armed groups that involves offering them incentives to change their behavior or disband. This can involve offering amnesty, political participation, or economic assistance.

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Transforming Armed Groups

A method of dealing with armed groups that aims to change their goals and tactics, often through dialogue, mediation, or peacebuilding programs.

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Weakening Armed Groups

A strategy that aims to weaken armed groups by limiting their resources, capabilities, and support. This can involve sanctions, economic pressure, or military operations.

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Coercion Against Armed Groups

The use of military force or other coercive measures to stop or suppress armed groups. This could include military operations, arrests, or sanctions.

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International Community's Short-Term Focus

The international community's tendency to focus on emergencies and crises rather than providing long-term support for state-building.

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Dilemmas of the International Community

The dilemma of the international community in dealing with armed non-state actors. They must weigh the risks and costs of action against the potential benefits and consequences of inaction.

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Limited Resources and Commitment

The limited resources and political will that often hinder international efforts to address armed non-state actors effectively.

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Transnational Organized Crime

Large-scale organized crime, involving illegal activities and power structures that transcend national borders.

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Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs)

Companies that provide security and military services, often contracted by governments or private organizations.

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War Economies

The tendency for conflicts to be fueled by economic factors, like resource control or illicit trade networks.

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Terrorism

The use of violence and fear by non-state actors to achieve political aims, often targeting civilians or infrastructure.

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Fragile States

States that struggle to maintain basic functions like security, law enforcement, and public services, often due to internal conflicts or lack of resources.

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Warlord Integration into Politics

The integration of former warlords or rebel leaders into formal political positions, potentially raising concerns about legitimacy and continuity of peace.

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The 'New Wars' Paradigm

The shifting nature of conflicts from traditional interstate wars to more localized, often economically driven conflicts.

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Study Notes

Fragile Statehood

  • Fragile states have difficulty fulfilling their domestic and international roles
  • They undermine global and national governance, causing issues at a local, regional, and global levels
  • Post-colonial and post-Soviet states often struggle with providing basic public services and responsibilities
  • Fragile statehood was previously considered a local issue, largely handled by development experts and agencies
  • The September 11th attacks shifted the focus to security, highlighting the potential for local problems to become global risks

Armed Non-State Actors

  • Armed non-state actors (ANSAs) use violence to achieve goals, are not part of official state institutions, and can be supported by state actors
  • ANSAs can be classified into different types based on their characteristics
    • Rebels/Guerrilla fighters: seek "liberation," overthrowing the government, or ending occupations
    • Militias/Paramilitaries: defend an existing regime, often engaging in human rights violations
    • Clan chiefs/Big men: traditional local authorities, often controlling territory
    • Warlords: local potentates gaining power through armed forces after conflict, frequently exploiting resources
    • Terrorists: use violence to promote political goals, often organised in networks
    • Criminals/Syndicates: engage in illegal activities like robbery, fraud, etc. in order to profit
    • Mercenaries/Private Security Agencies: contract soldiers/companies hired for combat or tasks

Typology of Armed Non-State Actors

  • Key characteristics distinguishing types of ANSAs include:
    • Territorial aspirations: Some aim to control territory, others aren't territorially motivated
    • Violence: Rebels and guerrilla fighters use physical violence, whereas terrorists use psychological violence, etc.
    • Motivation: Greed vs. grievance—some are motivated primarily by economic gain, others by socio-political grievances
  • These characteristics inform how ANSAs interact with fragile states

Security Governance Issues in Fragile States

  • Weak governance structures lead to transnational security problems
  • Failure in basic state functions (security, welfare, legitimacy) allows ANSAs to exploit the situation
  • ANSAs challenge the state's monopoly on violence, affecting local security governance
  • Fragile states are a source of, or susceptible to, global security issues
  • Transnationalisation and global networks allow ANSAs to operate across borders

Dealing with Armed Non-State Actors

  • Strategies for managing ANSAs include:

    • Negotiating political settlements
    • Socialization (integrating actors into norms and rules)
    • Bribery/Amnesty
    • Containment/Marginalisation
    • Enforcing internal splits
    • Coercion (military force)

  • The challenge lies in finding strategies that address the issue without reinforcing ANSAs' power or undermining the overall process of state-building

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Fragile Statehood, Armed Non-State Actors & Security Governance PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the concept of statehood and the factors contributing to fragile statehood. This quiz explores essential functions of the state, its role in citizen security, and the transformation of groups within state frameworks.

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