State and Nonstate Institutions

Function of State and Nonstate Institutions

• States all over the world establish government agencies to address the needs of citizens.
• Democratic states allow businesses, individuals, corporations, and nonprofits to provide services and goods for the citizens.
• The state functions by allocating resources to meet the demands of its citizenry.
• Non-state institutions support the government in bridging the gap between the state and society.

Relating Countries to Family Functions

• A country's functionality can be compared to family structure.
• Authoritarian parents dictating their children's futures are analogous to certain countries.
• Lenient parents allowing autonomy reflect another approach.
• Generally, parents actions like feeding families, providing shelter, clothing, education, medicine and saving for emergencies.
• Parents invariably face unresolved issues.
• Children contribute to the family by being responsible and sensitive.

Types of State or Social Institutions

• Institutions can be communist which are based on a command economy.
• Institutions can also be democracy which are based on a capitalist economy.
• Communist countries examples: former USSR, North Korea, where the government restricts private enterprise.
• Democratic countries examples: Philippines, USA where the government allows private entities to produce goods and services for the people. Free capitalist economies.

Political and State Institutions

• Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) maintains peace throughout the country.
• Local Government Units (LGU) are created to cater the needs of local barangays and communities.
• The Department of Education (DepEd) sets the standards that ensure high-quality education based on society's needs.
• The legislative branch has the power to make laws and set aside government funds.
• The executive branch is in charge of enforcing the laws.
• The judicial branch has the duty to apply and interpret the laws.

NonState Institutions

• Ideally, major industries such as banking, petroleum, transportation and communications, must be state controlled.
• Currently, private corporations with little intervention from the government control the major industries.
• Examples of non-state institutions are banks, corporations, trade unions, development agencies.

Nonstate Institutions Explained

• Banks allow keeping money in a safe space, giving loans, and currency exchanges. Banks also invest the saved funds to pay the workers and depositors.
• Corporations have separate legal identities but are owned by a group of people. They provide job opportunities to a large amount of workers and reduce poverty.
• Trade unions protect labor and are there to fight exploitation by employers.
• Cooperatives give its members easy access to service, in return for committed work. They empower one another with little assistance from the government.
• Development agencies promote progress through initiatives and policy. JICA (Japan), CIDA (Canada), and USAID (U.S.A.) are active agencies that operate in the Philippines.
• Civil organizations include academic institutions, think tanks, the media, and religious groups. By exposing the marginalized sectors of society, civil organizations influence policy.
• Transnational advocacy groups advocate for the cause of specific social issues and also influence the government. Greenpeace and Human Rights Watch are notable examples.

Education

• Education involves acquiring knowledge, reasoning capabilities, and judgment, for mature life preparation.
• According to Dr. William Little, education is a social institution that teaches children basic knowledge, skills, and cultural norms.
• The Latin origin of "education" comes from "educare" meaning "to train."
• Alvin Toffler: the 21st century's illiterate individuals are those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn.

Education System in the Philippines

• Philippine education has two main types: formal and non-formal education.

Formal Education

• Formal education is a structured system that includes elementary, secondary, and tertiary education.
• Primary and secondary education are compulsory to students.
• The Department of Education administers elementary and secondary levels.
  • Elementary level is composed of 6 years of education and Kindergarten.
  • Secondary contains 4 years of junior high and 2 years of senior high school.
• The Commission on Higher Education or CHED oversees the tertiary level.
  • The actual years taken in college depends on the specific course curriculum.

Nonformal Education

• According to UNESCO, nonformal education includes adult and youth literacy programs, life and work skills programs and cultural development.
• This type of education requires learners to participate in activities, is flexible, learner-centered and contextualized.
• ALS - Alternative Learning System and TESDA - Technical Education and Skills Development Authority are the nonformal systems of education.

Functions and Importance of Education

• Whether formal or non-formal, education addresses various societal needs.
• Education provides the opportunity to be a productive member of society as well as a means to achieve self-actualization.
  • Education means the desire for self-fulfillment and the inclination for humans to become actualized in what they are capable of.
• The different functions of education are:
  • Socialization that transforms humans by making them aware of their function in society and ensuring they can read.
  • The transmission of culture (values, beliefs, and social norms) is at its highest possible through socialization in school.
  • Unifies individuals by teaching the common values and social norms since it is through education that nations are built (Social Integration)
  • Provides everyone social placement because most other jobs are rooted from education, also buying the necessities of life.

Legal Provisions of Education

• Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights says that everyone has the right to free education, especially at the elementary and fundamental stages.
• Technical and professional education must be easily available and higher education should be equally accessible to all based on merit.
• Education is aimed towards the full development of a person and strengthening respect for human rights and freedoms.
• Education should promote understanding, tolerance, and friendship among all nations, and shall support the activities of the United Nations for peace.
• Parents have the priority to choose the kind of education for their children.
• According to the 1987 Philippines Constitution, Article 14 Section 1, the government must ensure that all citizens get a quality education at all levels.
• Section 2 Paragraph 2 states that there should be free public education at the elementary and high school level.

Social Stratification Concepts

• Social classes sort individuals based on variables such as wealth.
• Social stratification is layering social classes from high to low with correlating statuses and roles.

The Stratification is divided into three classes:

• Upper
• Middle
• Lower

The Upper Class

• Is described as elite individuals who are very successful and prolific.
• These individuals could be stockholders in very huge, well-known companies.
• Henry Sy, Sr. and Lucio Tan, Sr. are considered elite.
  • The Sy Siblings have $13 billion.
  • Enrique Razon Jr. - $11.1 billion.
  • Manuel Villar - $10.9 billion.
  • Ramon Ang - $3.8 billion.
  • Isidro Consunji & Siblings- $3.4 billion.
  • Tony Tan Caktiong & family $2.9 billion.
  • Lucio Tan- $2.65 billion.
  • Jaime Zobel de Ayala & Family - $2.6 billion.
  • Lucio & Susan Co - $2.3 billion.
  • Aboitiz family- $2.2 billion.

Middle Classes

• Are managers, doctors, lawyers, executives in the corporate world.
• Value education since it dictates social status, and meet all their needs and wants.

Lower Class

• Are underemployed and unskilled farm laborers and indigent families who lack education or revenue.

How Social Stratification started

• Stratification elevates some members as society get more complex, and through status or land acquisition.
• The earliest civilization had kings and priests at the top, scribes and artisans in the middle, and slaves at the bottom.

Characteristics of Stratification

• Stratification is found everywhere and shows up in every society making the nature of inequality variabl.
• Social stratification is not based on individual differences.
• Society allows degrees of social mobility, yet generally, stratification serves to rank members across generations.
• Cultural beliefs tell us to classify people. Beliefs are what make social stratification successful.

Forms of Stratification Systems

• Closes System of Stratification: India's Caste System
• The system contains four large categories called Varnas.
  • Brahmin represents the priests and academics.
  • Khsatriya represents the warriors.
  • Vaishya represents the merchants and landowners.
  • Shudra represents the commoners.
• Endogamy is marriage within your own caste.
• Caste system is based on Hindu beliefs.

Open System of Stratification

• The Class System integrates ascribed status and personal achievement that allows social mobility.
• Ascribed statuses are fixed categories assigned by society with disregard to personal performance or abilities:
  • For example, being of a certain sex or race.
• Achieved statuses are earned by the individual.
  • For example, actors can be an actress through hard work.
• Class is the system in the Philippines where the classes are open.

Social Stratification from different sociological perspectives

• Social inequality brought by social stratification base from wealth, prestige, and power according to Functionalist Theory.

• According to Karl Marx, social stratification as creation of inequality between the rich and the poor, or the powerful versus the powerless

• Symbolic interactionism affects others whom they have interacted because of their social class status. In most societies, people can only interact only to those with the same social class status.

• Examples of Royals Who Have Married Commoners include:

  • Princes Mako of Japan wed "commoner" Kei Komuro
  • Prince William of UK wed Kate Middleton
  • Prince Harry OF UNITED KINGDOM who ell in love with American actress Meghan Markle

Philippine Pre-Colonial Social Stratification

• The Timawa were the majority of the barangay community. They were free, could acquire property, hold any job wanted.
• The Maginoo were the ruling class from which the datu came. The datu was the head of the barangay.
• The Alipin had the least rights and served their master.
• The Maharlika were well revered and not expected to pay taxes.