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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of coagulase in Staphylococcus aureus?
What is the primary role of coagulase in Staphylococcus aureus?
Which toxin is primarily responsible for scalded skin syndrome in neonates?
Which toxin is primarily responsible for scalded skin syndrome in neonates?
What is the most common cause of wound infections in horses?
What is the most common cause of wound infections in horses?
What is the function of staphylokinase?
What is the function of staphylokinase?
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Which strain of Streptococcus is often associated with mastitis in cows?
Which strain of Streptococcus is often associated with mastitis in cows?
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Which strain does not react in the Lancefield grouping system?
Which strain does not react in the Lancefield grouping system?
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What type of activity does the epidermolytic toxin display?
What type of activity does the epidermolytic toxin display?
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What is a common disease associated with S. equisimilis in pigs?
What is a common disease associated with S. equisimilis in pigs?
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Which of the following are forms of epidermolytic toxin?
Which of the following are forms of epidermolytic toxin?
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What is the main effect of superantigens in the context of toxic shock syndrome?
What is the main effect of superantigens in the context of toxic shock syndrome?
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Which condition is most likely to occur due to S. dysagalactiae?
Which condition is most likely to occur due to S. dysagalactiae?
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What does hyaluronidase hydrolyze, and what is its significance?
What does hyaluronidase hydrolyze, and what is its significance?
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What are the characteristics of S. zooepidemicus?
What are the characteristics of S. zooepidemicus?
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Which condition is associated with S. dysagalactiae in foals and young horses?
Which condition is associated with S. dysagalactiae in foals and young horses?
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Which extracellular protein is known to provide nutrients for bacteria?
Which extracellular protein is known to provide nutrients for bacteria?
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What type of protective measure has been shown to be effective against certain Streptococcus infections?
What type of protective measure has been shown to be effective against certain Streptococcus infections?
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Which of the following toxins specifically acts on polymorphonuclear leukocytes?
Which of the following toxins specifically acts on polymorphonuclear leukocytes?
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What is the major virulence factor associated with the membrane-damaging effects in Staphylococcus aureus infections?
What is the major virulence factor associated with the membrane-damaging effects in Staphylococcus aureus infections?
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Which superantigen is known to cause severe symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting?
Which superantigen is known to cause severe symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting?
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How does A-toxin (alpha toxin) achieve its toxic effect on susceptible cells?
How does A-toxin (alpha toxin) achieve its toxic effect on susceptible cells?
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What defines beta toxin's mechanism of action?
What defines beta toxin's mechanism of action?
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What is a common effect caused by the action of superantigens?
What is a common effect caused by the action of superantigens?
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Which toxin is produced separately and acts together with leukocidin to damage cellular membranes?
Which toxin is produced separately and acts together with leukocidin to damage cellular membranes?
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Which characteristic is true regarding Panton-Valentine (PV) leukocidin?
Which characteristic is true regarding Panton-Valentine (PV) leukocidin?
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What is the primary role of the toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus during infections?
What is the primary role of the toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus during infections?
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Which enterotoxin serotype is NOT commonly associated with food poisoning?
Which enterotoxin serotype is NOT commonly associated with food poisoning?
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What are the cultural features of Rhodococcus equi as noted in laboratory observations?
What are the cultural features of Rhodococcus equi as noted in laboratory observations?
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Which statement correctly describes the biochemistry of Rhodococcus equi?
Which statement correctly describes the biochemistry of Rhodococcus equi?
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What type of media supports the growth of Rhodococcus equi?
What type of media supports the growth of Rhodococcus equi?
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Which of the following species has been reported to cause lesions in animals?
Which of the following species has been reported to cause lesions in animals?
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Which characteristic separates Rhodococcus equi from most other coryneform organisms?
Which characteristic separates Rhodococcus equi from most other coryneform organisms?
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What is the significance of the red pigment produced by the Actinomycetales order of species?
What is the significance of the red pigment produced by the Actinomycetales order of species?
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Which process does Rhodococcus equi NOT perform?
Which process does Rhodococcus equi NOT perform?
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What type of pneumonia is associated with Rhodococcus equi infections?
What type of pneumonia is associated with Rhodococcus equi infections?
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What is the primary characteristic of polyvalent antitoxin in relation to toxin binding?
What is the primary characteristic of polyvalent antitoxin in relation to toxin binding?
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Which disease is associated with Clostridium perfringens in sheep?
Which disease is associated with Clostridium perfringens in sheep?
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What type of group is Clostridium septicum classified under?
What type of group is Clostridium septicum classified under?
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Which of the following diseases is caused by Clostridium difficile?
Which of the following diseases is caused by Clostridium difficile?
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What is the function of testing for toxins in serum and intestinal contents?
What is the function of testing for toxins in serum and intestinal contents?
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Which Clostridium species is associated with subcutaneous abscesses in cats?
Which Clostridium species is associated with subcutaneous abscesses in cats?
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Polyvalent toxoid is known to protect against which of the following diseases?
Polyvalent toxoid is known to protect against which of the following diseases?
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What condition does Clostridium spiroforme cause primarily in rabbits?
What condition does Clostridium spiroforme cause primarily in rabbits?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Corynebacterium renale in culture?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Corynebacterium renale in culture?
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Which of the following is a key difference between Corynebacterium renale and the other two species of Corynebacterium that cause bovine urinary tract infections?
Which of the following is a key difference between Corynebacterium renale and the other two species of Corynebacterium that cause bovine urinary tract infections?
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What is the primary reason for the Corynebacterium renale infection being more prevalent in female animals?
What is the primary reason for the Corynebacterium renale infection being more prevalent in female animals?
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How is the presence of Corynebacterium renale usually diagnosed?
How is the presence of Corynebacterium renale usually diagnosed?
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Which of the following antibiotics is considered the antibiotic of choice for treating Corynebacterium renale infections?
Which of the following antibiotics is considered the antibiotic of choice for treating Corynebacterium renale infections?
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Which of the following describes the primary means of transmission of Corynebacterium renale?
Which of the following describes the primary means of transmission of Corynebacterium renale?
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Which of the following is a common outcome in untreated cases of Corynebacterium renale infection?
Which of the following is a common outcome in untreated cases of Corynebacterium renale infection?
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What is the significance of Corynebacterium renale being able to produce caseinase?
What is the significance of Corynebacterium renale being able to produce caseinase?
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Study Notes
Staphylococci
- Perfectly spherical Gram-positive cocci, approximately 0.5 to 1µm in diameter
- Grow in clusters like grapes (staphylo)
- Two pigmented colony types: golden yellow (S. aureus) and white (S. albus/S. epidermidis)
Pathogenesis
- Adherence of S. aureus to biomaterials implanted in the body
- Host proteins, like fibrinogen, initially promote attachment; gradually, other ligands emerge
- Surface proteins: promote colonization and attachment to host tissues (laminin and fibronectin)
- Fibrinogen/fibrin binding (clumping factor) promotes attachment
- Factors that inhibit phagocytosis: capsule
Virulence Factors
- Surface proteins
- promote colonization of host tissues
- promote attachment to host tissues
- Factors that inhibit phagocytosis (capsule, immunoglobulin-binding protein A)
Other Extracellular Proteins
- Coagulase: binds with prothrombin to form staphylothrombin, activates thrombin
- Staphylokinase: activates plasminogen to plasmin, digests fibrin clots
- Hyaluronidase: hydrolyses hyaluronic acid (cementing substance)
Epidermolytic Toxin (ET)
- Causes scalded skin syndrome in neonates
- Two forms: ETA and ETB
Protein Toxins
- Membrane-damaging toxins (Alpha toxin)
- Best characterized and most potent membrane-damaging toxin
- Binds to membrane, oligomerizes, and forms hexameric rings = central pore thru which cellular contents leak
Other bacterial species
- S. intermedius: Most prevalent in dogs and carnivores
- S. hyicus subsp. hyicus: Exudative epidermitis in swine
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Description
Test your knowledge on the characteristics, pathogenesis, and virulence factors of Staphylococci. This quiz covers the structure of these bacteria, their growth patterns, and their interactions with the host. Understand the role of surface proteins and how they contribute to infection.
