G+ Bacteria Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following predisposing factors contribute to the development of Staphylococcus aureus infections?

  • Immunosuppression (correct)
  • Allergic conditions (correct)
  • Traumas (correct)
  • Infections (correct)
  • Endocrine and metabolic disturbances (correct)

    • Staphylococcus aureus is oxidase-positive.

    False (B)

    What is the name of the disease caused by Staphylococcus hyicus in pigs?

    Greasy pig disease

    Streptococcus agalactiae is oxidase-positive.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Streptococcus equi is oxidase-positive.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are known effects of Streptococcus equi infection?

    <p>Pneumonia (A), Mastitis (B), Navel infections (C), Strangles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mycobacterium tuberculosis is ZN-negative.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mycobacterium bovis is catalase-positive.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Corynebacterium bovis is oxidase-positive.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rhodococcus equi produces spores.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Actinomyces bovis is catalase-positive.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Actinomyces bovis grows anaerobically.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Actinomyces viscosus is catalase-positive.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arcanobacterium pyogenes is catalase-positive.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Actinobaculum suis is catalase-positive.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nocardia species can be identified by the presence of aerial filaments.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nocardia species are ZN-negative.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dermatophilus congolensis is oxidase-positive.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Listeria monocytogenes is oxidase-positive.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Listeria monocytogenes can cross the blood-brain barrier.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is oxidase-positive.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacillus anthracis is oxidase-positive.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacillus anthracis is ZN-negative.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clostridium tetani is oxidase-positive.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the predisposing factors for Staphylococcus infections?

    <p>Immunosuppression, traumas, infections, allergic conditions, endocrine and metabolic disturbances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Staphylococcus aureus infections?

    <p>Mastitis and skin problems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Streptococcus agalactiae infections?

    <p>Chronic mastitis (rumen), neonatal septicemia (humans and dogs). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Streptococcus equi infections?

    <p>Acute mastitis (cattle), polysynovitis (lambs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections?

    <p>Both Tuberculosis and Paratuberculosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Mycobacterium bovis infections?

    <p>Tuberculosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections?

    <p>Pseudotuberculosis (caseous lymphangitis) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Corynebacterium renale infections?

    <p>Pyogenic infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Actinomyces bovis infections?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Actinomyces viscosus infections?

    <p>Cutaneous pyogranulomas, pyothorax, proliferative pyogranulomatous pleural lesions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Arcanobacterium pyogenes infections?

    <p>Both Purulent reactions and Abscesses, mastitis, pneumonia, endometritis, pyometra, arthritis, umbilical infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Actinobaculum suis infections?

    <p>Both Urinary pathogen and Cystitic, pyelonephritis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Nocardia infections?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Dermatophilus infections?

    <p>Dermatophilosis/mycotic dermatitis: Microabscesses in epidermis and raised crusts on the skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Listeria monocytogenes infections?

    <p>Both If transplacental- abortion or baby with septicemia and neuro. signs and Neurological if crosses blood brain barrier &amp; causes encephalitis (rum.) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infections?

    <p>Both Acute &amp; subacute: Septicemia, Abortion, Skin lesions and Chronic: Endocarditis, Polyarthritis, Skin lesions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Bacillus anthracis infections?

    <p>Both Fever, cough, chills, shortness of breath, shock, edema, septicemia and Local effects: Tissue darkening, Edema &amp; necrosis, In blood stream: Septicemia, Vascular perm. Extensive hemorrhage, Shock, Death (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Clostridium tetani infections?

    <p>Muscular spasms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Clostridium botulinum infections?

    <p>Flaccid paralysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Clostridium septicum infections?

    <p>Malignant edema, braxy, big head in young rams, gas gangrene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Clostridium chauvoei infections?

    <p>Malignant edema, braxy, big head in young rams, gas gangrene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Clostridium perfringens infections?

    <p>Malignant edema, braxy, big head in young rams, gas gangrene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of Clostridium difficile infections?

    <p>None of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _Mycobacterium tuberculosis_ is a gram-positive bacteria.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _Bacillus anthracis_ can survive for 50 years in the soil.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _Corynebacterium bovis_ is a gram-negative bacteria.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _Listeria monocytogenes_ is a gram-positive bacteria.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _Dermatophilus_ is a gram-positive bacteria.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _Clostridium tetani_ is a gram-positive bacteria.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Staphylococcus aureus

    A bacterium causing mastitis and skin problems in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, cats, and poultry.

    Staphylococcus pseudointermedius

    A bacterium causing skin problems in dogs and cats, often through pyogenic infections.

    Staphylococcus hyicus

    A bacterium causing greasy pig disease in pigs.

    Streptococcus agalactiae

    A bacterium causing septicemia and abscesses in cattle, sheep, goats, humans, and dogs, affecting neonates.

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    Streptococcus dysgalactiae

    A bacterium causing lesions and septicemia in dogs.

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    Streptococcus equi

    A bacterium causing infections in horses, often related to mastitis, pneumonia, and navel issues.

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    Streptococcus zooepidermicus

    A bacterium affecting cattle and lambs, primarily causing acute mastitis in cattle and polyarthritis in lambs.

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    Streptococcus suis

    A bacterium in pigs and humans, causing meningitis, septicemia, and arthritis.

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    Mycobacterium tuberculosis

    A bacterium causing tuberculosis in humans, primates, and dogs, through inhalation.

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    Corynebacterium bovis

    A bacterium causing subclinical mastitis in cattle.

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    Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

    A bacterium causing pseudotuberculosis, also known as caseous lymphangitis, in sheep and goats.

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    Rhodococcus equi

    A bacterium causing respiratory problems, especially bronchopneumonia, in foals. Also potentially affecting cows, pigs, cats, and humans.

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    Actinomyces bovis

    A bacterium associated with lumpy jaw disease in cattle.

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    Actinobaculum suis

    A bacterium affecting the urinary tract of pigs, causing cystitis and pyelonephritis

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    Nocardia

    A bacterium causing opportunistic infections, mostly in immunosuppressed animals, transmitted through various environmental exposures and causing skin lesions and lung issues in dogs & cattle.

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    Dermatophilus

    A bacterium causing skin infections in various animals with symptoms of skin lesions.

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    Listeria monocytogenes

    A bacterium causing septicemia and neurological problems in many animals and humans, often with a history of ingestion of contaminated feed.

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    Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

    A bacterium causing septicemia, abortion, skin lesions, and other issues in pigs and humans, through different transmission routes.

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    Bacillus anthracis

    A bacterium causing anthrax in various animals and humans, known for its exceptionally resilient spores.

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    Clostridium tetani

    A bacterium causing tetanus in various animals and humans.

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    Clostridium botulinum

    A bacterium producing neurotoxins causing food poisoning and flaccid paralysis.

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    Hemolysis

    Destruction of red blood cells.

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    What causes greasy pig disease?

    Staphylococcus hyicus is the primary cause of greasy pig disease in pigs.

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    What is the most common cause of mastitis in cattle?

    Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent cause of mastitis in cattle.

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    What is the 'California Test' used for?

    The California Mastitis Test (CMT) is used to detect subclinical mastitis, primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

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    Why are Streptococcus infections dangerous?

    Streptococci produce various antiphagocytic factors that make them resistant to immune cells.

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    What is the Lancefield Classification used for?

    The Lancefield Classification helps categorize Streptococcus species based on their specific antigens.

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    What is the key characteristic of Mycobacterium?

    Mycobacterium species are known for their acid-fastness, resisting decolorization by acids.

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    What is the main transmission route of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

    Mycobacterium tuberculosis is typically transmitted through inhaling contaminated droplets.

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    What is Johne's Disease?

    Johne's Disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, affecting the intestinal tract of cattle.

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    What is the most common cause of Pseudotuberculosis in sheep and goats?

    Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis causes Pseudotuberculosis, also known as Caseous Lymphangitis.

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    What is the difference between Corynebacterium bovis and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis?

    Corynebacterium bovis causes subclinical mastitis in cattle, while Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis causes pseudotuberculosis in sheep and goats.

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    What is the main characteristic of Rhodococcus equi?

    Rhodococcus equi is a bacterium that grows after 24-48 hours and forms mucoid colonies, often associated with foal bronchopneumonia.

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    Why is Actinobaculum suis a concern for pigs?

    Actinobaculum suis is a common cause of cystitis and pyelonephritis in pigs.

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    What is the significant feature of Nocardia?

    Nocardia forms aerial filaments, which are visible as a powdery growth, often opportunistic in immunosuppressed animals.

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    Why is Dermatophilus a threat to animals with injuries?

    Dermatophilus causes infections, often related to skin trauma, resulting in 'strawberry footrot' or 'lumpy wool'.

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    What is the key characteristic of Listeria monocytogenes?

    Listeria monocytogenes is unique for being able to cross the blood-brain barrier, causing neurological issues.

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    What are the major effects of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection?

    Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae can cause septicemia, abortion, skin lesions, and endocarditis in pigs and humans.

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    What is the main feature of Bacillus anthracis?

    Bacillus anthracis produces highly resilient spores that can survive for decades in the environment.

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    What is the main symptom associated with Clostridium tetani infection?

    Clostridium tetani infection is characterized by muscle spasms, leading to 'lockjaw' and potential respiratory failure.

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    What is the most notable effect of Clostridium botulinum?

    Clostridium botulinum produces neurotoxins that cause flaccid paralysis, leading to respiratory failure.

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    What is the main difference between hemolysis and hemolytic activity?

    Hemolysis is the destruction of red blood cells, while hemolytic activity refers to the ability of a bacterium to cause hemolysis.

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    What characterizes a bacterium classified as anaerobic?

    Anaerobic bacteria are unable to survive in the presence of oxygen.

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    Why are certain bacterial species resistant to non-enriched media?

    Bacteria that require specific nutrients or conditions for growth fail to grow on non-enriched media.

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    What is the significance of a CAMP positive reaction?

    A positive CAMP reaction indicates sensitivity to 'Christie, Atkins, and Munch-Petersen' factor, often associated with the Streptococcus genus.

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    What is the significance of a ZN culture?

    ZN culture utilizes Ziehl-Neelsen staining to identify 'acid-fast' bacteria, like Mycobacterium.

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    Why is the ability of a bacterium to grow on MacConkey agar significant?

    MacConkey agar is designed to specifically detect bacteria that can ferment lactose, which is an essential characteristic for identification.

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    What is the significance of a bacterium being motile?

    Motile bacteria have the ability to move independently, which is an important indicator for species identification.

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    What are zoospores?

    Zoospores are motile spores produced by certain bacteria, like Dermatophilus, that can actively swim and infect new hosts.

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    Study Notes

    G+ Bacteria

    • Staphylococcus:
      • Species include S. aureus, S. pseudointermedius, and S. hyicus.
      • Pathogenesis involves predisposing factors like immunosuppression, trauma, infection, and endocrine/metabolic disorders.
      • Species can cause mastitis and skin problems.
      • Habitat includes mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract (URT).
      • Culture conditions vary depending on the signs; samples may be taken from various locations.
      • Biochemical tests include oxidase (negative), catalase (positive).
      • S. aureus, S. pseudointermedius, S. hyicus can cause various issues in livestock and other animals, including skin problems, otitis, cystitis, endometritis.

    Streptococcus

    • Species: S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae, S. equi, S. zooepidermicus, S. suis, S. canis.
    • Pathogenesis: Associated with septicemia, abscesses, and suppurative lesions. Antiphagocytic factors are a key factor in their pathogenesis.
    • Effects: Chronic mastitis, Neonatal septicemia (in humans and dogs), acute mastitis (in cattle), polyarthritis (in lambs), and strangles.
    • Habitat: Mucous membranes of the URT and other body areas specific to the species.
    • Culture: Samples like blood and CSF are common; specimens are sent or handled at 4 degrees.
    • Biochemical testing: Oxidase negative, catalase negative, and some species show positive CAMP reactions.

    Mycobacterium

    • Species: M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. avium complex, M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
    • Transmission: Primarily by inhalation.
    • Replication: Occurs in lung macrophages.
    • Pathogenesis: M. bovis causes Johne's disease (paratuberculosis), characterized by lesions in the GI tract and associated clinical signs.
    • Effects: vary based on species, can cause tuberculosis in various animals.
    • Habitat: Soil, vegetation, and water.
    • Transmission: Fecal-oral, milk, and transplacental routes for some.
    • Culture: Growth characteristics are slow, and anaerobic conditions are needed for some species. Specimens such as fluids and tissues are used.

    Corynebacterium

    • Species: C. bovis, C. pseudotuberculosis, C. renale.
    • Pathogenesis: Pyogenic infections and commensals on mucous membranes in affected animals.
    • Effects: Subclinical mastitis, pseudotuberculosis (caseous lymphangitis), and specific conditions for C. renale
    • Habitat: Mucous membranes, skin, and tissues.
    • Culture: Samples like pus, exudates, tissues, urine, etc., are tested with specific criteria.
    • Biochemical: Usually negative for oxidase and catalase, and non-motile.

    Rhodococcus

    • Species: R. equi.
    • Pathogenesis: Respiratory pathogen, and susceptible animals are usually foals.
    • Effects: Bronchopneumonia, pulmonary abscesses.
    • Habitat: Intestine.
    • Culture: Samples include tracheal aspirates and pus.
    • Biochemical: Oxidase negative, catalase positive.
    • Growth: Growth can occur after 24 to 48 hours

    Actinomyces

    • Species: A. bovis, A. viscosus.
    • Pathogenesis: Pyogranulomatous skin damage and other inflammatory conditions.
    • Effects: Lumpy jaw disease (in cattle), cutaneous pyogranulomas, pyothorax, proliferative pyogranulomatous lesions in other species.
    • Habitat: Mucous membranes of animals.

    Nocardia

    • Species: A. suis.
    • Pathogenesis: Urinary pathogen, opportunistic in animals with compromised immune systems.
    • Effects: Cystitic, pyelonephritis, specific conditions based on species.
    • Habitat: Soil (saprophytes), various animals as hosts.

    Dermatophilus

    • Species: Most animals and humans affected.
    • Pathogenesis: Predisposing factors are trauma, persistent wetting, and sebaceous secretions impacting the infected animal.
    • Effects: dermatophilosis/mycotic dermatitis, microabscesses in the epidermis or raised crusts on skin.
    • Habitat: In scabs and wounds on animals.

    Listeria

    • Species: L. monocytogenes.
    • Pathogenesis: Two types of transmission (ingestion of contaminated feed or direct contact, both related to how infection spreads to other hosts).
    • Effects: Transplacental infection which could lead to abortion, neurological issues, and septicemia.
    • Special Effects: Targets the liver, spleen, and can cross the blood-brain barrier.

    Erysipelothrix

    • Species: E. rhusiopathiae.
    • Pathogenesis: Excreted by feces or nasal secretions and transmitted through direct contact of pig feces, contaminated water or food, or injection/ingestion.
    • Effects: Acute and subacute, septicemia, abortion, skin, and joint lesions.
    • Habitat: In healthy pigs (50%), soil, and water.

    Bacillus

    • Species: B. anthracis.
    • Pathogenesis: Forms endospores for survival in challenging environments.
    • Effects: Fever, cough, chills, shortness of breath, shock, edema, and septicemia (in blood stream).
    • Habitat: Soil, vegetation, and water.

    Clostridium

    • Species: Includes C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. septicum, C. chauvoei, C. perfringens, C. difficile.
    • Pathogenesis: Produce important endospores, which cause effects depending on species.
    • Effects: Neurotoxic (muscle spasms to flaccid paralysis), histotoxic (excessive tissue damaging reactions due to pathogens, typically in wounds).
    • Habitat: Normal in intestines, soil, water, and other environmental conditions; some specific strains have specific environmental preferences.

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    G+ Bacteria PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the key aspects of Gram-positive bacteria, focusing on Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species. It includes information on species, pathogenesis, and biochemical tests along with their impact on livestock and animals. Test your knowledge on these important bacteria and their effects on health.

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