Stages of Skill Acquisition

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary goals of inclusive education?

To assess and evaluate students individually

To minimize community involvement in schools

To integrate students with special needs into general education settings (correct)

To focus solely on performance-based standards

Which factor does NOT hinder the implementation of inclusive education?

Surplus funding (correct)

Lack of policies

Poor teacher training

Rigid curriculum

Which of the following best describes mainstreaming?

Including learners with special needs in general educational settings (correct)

Creating separate educational environments for all students

Focusing on individual learning differences exclusively

Assessing students based on standard performance metrics

What is a significant barrier in the curriculum for inclusive education?

One size fits all approach Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of the Convention on the Rights of the Child?

To protect the rights of all children Signup and view all the answers

What role does community involvement play in facilitating inclusive education?

It enhances awareness and support for the PWD population Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four core principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child?

Access to higher education Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a misconception that may affect attitudes towards inclusive education?

Special needs students can thrive in traditional classrooms without support Signup and view all the answers

How many articles does the Convention on the Rights of the Child comprise?

54 Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary component for producing inclusive policies in education?

Engaged collaboration across various sectors of society Signup and view all the answers

Which organization promotes effective practices and knowledge sharing in inclusive education?

UNESCO Signup and view all the answers

What misconception might arise regarding teacher training in inclusive education?

All teachers are fully equipped to handle diverse classrooms Signup and view all the answers

What are the two focuses of Education for All (EFA) in the Philippines?

Quality and measurable learning outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a strategy for achieving inclusive education?

Varying levels of instructional support Signup and view all the answers

What does the Convention emphasize regarding special needs children?

Their rights must be promoted and protected Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT a part of the rights stipulated in the Convention?

Financial independence for children Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the second stage of performance?

Performing tasks without reliance on assistance. Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the third stage of skill development?

Performance becomes automatic and proficient. Signup and view all the answers

What might cause the de-automization of skills?

Personal crisis or trauma. Signup and view all the answers

How is self-evaluation related to de-automization?

It is a method to help delay de-automization. Signup and view all the answers

What is the essence of Situated Learning Theory?

Learning takes place within authentic contexts and cultures. Signup and view all the answers

Which stage is described as the point where the individual has lost proficiency?

De-automization. Signup and view all the answers

At which stage does a student become resentful of expert advice?

Full Internalization. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common measure to regain lost skills after de-automization?

Engaging in self-assessment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the EFA initiative launched in 2015 in the Philippines?

To achieve functional literacy for all Filipinos Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following roles is expected of educators in the 21st century?

To inspire creativity and critical thinking Signup and view all the answers

How does the K to 12 Inclusion Policy aim to address the needs of learners?

By promoting institutional sensitivity and responsiveness Signup and view all the answers

What foundation does the Inclusive Education Policy Framework in the Philippines emphasize?

The recognition of the right to quality basic education for all learners Signup and view all the answers

Which article of the 1987 Philippine Constitution emphasizes the right to education?

Article XIV Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of inclusion advocate for in the context of education?

Recognition of diverse learning needs and contexts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common misconception about the role of special and inclusive education?

It aims to isolate students with disabilities from their peers Signup and view all the answers

What is one expected outcome of implementing learner-centered programs in inclusive education?

Enhanced academic success for all learners Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Alternative Learning System established by the 2001 Governance of Basic Education Act?

To offer access to basic education for the out-of-school population. Signup and view all the answers

Which program aims to provide education that addresses the diverse cultural needs of learners, including Indigenous Peoples?

Indigenous Peoples Education Program Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in the implementation of the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013?

Cultural and physical inclusiveness in education. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component mentioned in the Enhanced Basic Education Act to meet the needs of learners?

Civic Education for Adults Signup and view all the answers

Which Act mandates providing equal access to cultural opportunities for Indigenous Cultural Communities?

Republic Act No. 8371 Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Alternative delivery mode programmes' refer to?

Self-learning modules for learners in various circumstances. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key focus of the Presidential Decree No. 603?

Ensuring comprehensive services for youth development. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines non-formal learning systems as emphasized in the content?

Learning methods that are adaptable to community needs. Signup and view all the answers

Adult education programs mentioned in the content are primarily aimed at which of the following groups?

Out-of-school youth and disabled citizens. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unassisted Performance

As a child learns a new skill, they move into the second stage where they perform tasks without relying on an adult.
The child may still make occasional mistakes, but they are confident enough to work through the task themselves.
This is considered a beginner stage because the child hasn't reached full mastery.

Full Internalization

This is the third stage, where the student's knowledge has become automatic and fully developed.
Any doubts are gone, and the student has internalized the skills necessary to perform the task with proficiency.
Expert assistance is no longer needed, and the student may even resent the intrusion of an expert.

De-automatization

This is the fourth and final stage. It can occur later in life when a student loses the ability to perform at a proficient level.
Reasons for this loss of skill can include personal crises, sudden trauma, gradual erosion of skills due to age, and major life changes.
Self-evaluation and continuing education can help delay de-automatization.

Situated Learning Theory

Developed by Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger in the late 1980s.
Learning occurs within authentic context, culture, and activity.
Learning is often unintentional.

Barriers to Inclusive Learning

Attitudes, values systems, misconceptions, and societal norms.
Physical barriers like lack of building, facility, transportation, and road accessibility.
Rigid curriculum that does not allow for individual differences and opportunities for growth.
Lack of teacher training and low teacher efficacy.
Poor language and communication.
Lack of funding.
Lack of policies.
Organization of educational systems.
Too much focus on performance-based standards.

Special Education vs. Mainstreaming vs. Inclusive Education

Special Education: Assesses, instructs, and evaluates students individually and intentionally. It is beneficial to individuals with unique needs.
Mainstreaming: The inclusion of learners with special needs into general educational settings or regular schools. Mainstream education settings ensure that the needs of all students are addressed and that barriers are removed.
Inclusive Education: All students attend and are welcomed by their neighborhood schools in age-appropriate, regular classes. They are supported to learn, contribute and participate in all aspects of the school.

Producing Inclusive Policies

Involve other sectors of society. Active community involvement is essential.
Collaborate. Create materials and tasks at varying levels of difficulty, instructional support, grouping arrangements, and involve student choice.
Use varied evaluation strategies.

Historical and Sociological Bases

Convention on the Rights of the Child: Adopted in 1989, legally binding international instrument to protect the rights of all children in the world.
Four Core Principles: non-discrimination, devotion to the best interests of the child, the right to life, survival and development, and respect for the views of the child.
UNESCO: Promotes effective practices and knowledge sharing regarding inclusive education.
Education for All (EFA) in the Philippines: Focuses on improving the quality of education, especially for literacy, numeracy, and essential life skills.
K to 12 Inclusion Policy: Promotes institutional sensitivity and responsiveness to the nature, situation, and realities of learners.

Legal Bases of Special Education

1987 Philippine Constitution
- Article XIV, Sections 1 and 2 uphold the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels.
- The government is tasked with creating a complete, adequate, and integrated system of education.
- Encouraging non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning systems.
- Providing adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school youth with training.
Republic Act No. 10533 - The Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013.
- Implements programs designed to address the physical, intellectual, psycho-social and cultural needs of learners.
  - Includes Programs for Learners with Disabilities, Programs for Learners under Difficult Circumstances, Madrasah Program, Indigenous Peoples Education Program, and Programs for the Gifted and Talented.
The Alternative Learning System: Provides opportunity for out-of-school population to access and complete basic education.
Alternative Delivery Mode Programmes: Based on self-learning modules.
Republic Act No. 8371 - The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997.
- Provides equal access to cultural opportunities to Indigenous Cultural Communities.
- Includes the right to establish and control their educational systems and institutions.
Presidential Decree No. 603 - The Child and Youth Welfare Code.
- Defines special categories of youths and directs the Ministry of Social Services and Development to provide comprehensive services to assist in youth development.

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Description

This quiz explores the four stages of skill acquisition: Unassisted Performance, Full Internalization, and De-automatization. Participants will learn about how children's skills develop and the potential for skill loss later in life. Test your understanding of these concepts!