Motor Learning Stages Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following describes the cognitive stage of learning to walk?

  • The child is able to walk with support and begins to explore their environment.
  • The child starts to take longer, more controlled steps and narrows their base of support.
  • The child has a basic understanding of walking and visually observes others around them. (correct)
  • The child can walk independently in various environments, even unpredictable ones.

    • What is a characteristic of the associative stage of learning to walk?

  • The child demonstrates improved balance and coordination while walking. (correct)
  • The child can walk in both familiar and unfamiliar environments.
  • The child starts using visual cues to learn the skill.
  • The child begins to take their first steps, either assisted or independently.

    • Which stage of learning to walk is marked by the ability to walk in a variety of environments?

  • Cognitive Stage
  • Associative Stage
  • Autonomous Stage (correct)
  • All of the above

    • Which of the following factors influences the process of skill acquisition?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a gross motor skill and a fine motor skill?

    <p>Gross motor skills require movements of the whole body or multiple limbs, while fine motor skills involve smaller, precise movements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a discrete skill?

    <p>Throwing a ball (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of skill involves repetitive movements without a distinct beginning or end?

    <p>Continuous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the nature of the task that involves the manipulation of tools while sitting?

    <p>Fine Motor Skill (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the "autonomous phase" refer to in motor learning?

    <p>The stage where the learner is able to perform the task without consciously thinking about it (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the cognitive phase in motor learning?

    <p>Developing a general understanding of the task (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors can influence the processes involved in skill acquisition?

    <p>All of the above: the learner's stage, the nature of the task, and the structure of the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of cognitive deficits impact motor learning?

    <p>Cognitive deficits may lead to slower skill acquisition and difficulties processing instructions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the "cognitive phase" in motor learning primarily focus on?

    <p>Developing a general understanding of the task (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a factor that can influence the processes underlying skill acquisition?

    <p>The individual's motivation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a patient is struggling to perform a task due to an inability to control the pattern of muscle activation, which of the following is the most likely cause?

    <p>Disordered voluntary muscle activation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the cognitive phase of motor learning?

    <p>The learner is highly reliant on sensory information, verbal instructions, and visual guidance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a stage of motor learning?

    <p>Adaptive Phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key component of Adams's Closed Loop Theory?

    <p>Schema Formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Adams's Closed Loop Theory, how does practice contribute to skill learning?

    <p>Practice develops a more accurate perceptual trace, improving movement accuracy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of feedback provides information about the movement from within the body?

    <p>Intrinsic Feedback (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the cerebellum play in the context of Adams's Closed Loop Theory?

    <p>The cerebellum integrates sensory information, contributing to the creation of the perceptual trace. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of feedback is provided by a therapist instructing a patient on their movement?

    <p>Extrinsic Feedback (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples describes extrinsic feedback?

    <p>Hearing the click of a golf club hitting the ball. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Adams’s Closed Loop Theory, what is the purpose of the memory trace?

    <p>To initiate and select the movement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the perceptual trace in Adams’s Closed Loop Theory?

    <p>To provide a reference of correctness for the movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two primary components of serial skills?

    <p>A series of discrete tasks and a sequence of movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these examples represent closed skills? (Select all that apply.)

    <p>Walking on a treadmill (B), Typing on a keyboard (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason that open skills require constant attention from the learner?

    <p>Open skills necessitate the individual to react to changing conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the information provided suggest about the current state of stroke rehabilitation?

    <p>Stroke patients spend a significant portion of their day in passive activities and inactivity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides the rehabilitation methods, what other factors are considered to be part of the rehabilitation environment?

    <p>The physical surroundings and the staff involved (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided, what is the main concern regarding the effectiveness of stroke rehabilitation?

    <p>Limited engagement in active tasks and insufficient time spent in therapeutic activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the stage of the learner, the nature of the task, and the structure of the environment in motor learning?

    <p>All of these factors interact to influence the effectiveness of skill acquisition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately reflects the question posed at the end of the content? (Select all that apply.)

    <p>Is the rehabilitation environment aligned with the specific needs of stroke patients? (A), Does the rehabilitation environment adequately support learning and skill acquisition? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of schemas in Schmidt's Schema Theory?

    <p>To provide a set of general rules for executing motor programs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of feedback that can influence the development of a schema according to Schmidt's theory?

    <p>Sensory feedback from auditory systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the open loop model of feedback relevant to Schmidt's Schema Theory?

    <p>It supports the idea that movement execution is pre-programmed and largely independent of sensory input (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a motor program according to Schmidt's theory?

    <p>It carries generalized instructions and can be adapted to varying conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does knowledge of results (KR) play in Schmidt's Schema Theory?

    <p>KR is incorporated into schemas to refine and improve future motor program performance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of motor learning as defined in the provided text?

    <p>The process by which we acquire or re-acquire motor skills through practice. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the case of Mrs. J, what is the primary focus when considering the process of motor learning?

    <p>Determining the optimal therapeutic interventions to improve motor function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that impedes motor learning according to the text?

    <p>Sleep (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key components that promotes motor learning?

    <p>Task-specific training (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of a motor skill mentioned as a daily activity?

    <p>Picking up an object (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes how motor learning is demonstrated during infancy?

    <p>Infants develop motor skills through continuous repetition of movement patterns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are closed and open loop models considered theoretical models of motor learning?

    <p>They provide hypothetical frameworks for understanding the processes of learning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding the factors involved in motor learning?

    <p>To develop strategies to enhance the learning and performance of motor skills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Motor Learning

    Processes associated with practice or experience leading to permanent changes in motor skill capability.

    Role of Practice

    Practice is essential for developing and refining motor skills.

    Factors Influencing Motor Learning

    Elements that can either impede or promote learning, such as sleep and practice dose.

    Closed Loop Model

    A motor learning theory focusing on feedback and adjustments during execution.

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    Open Loop Model

    A motor learning theory where actions are executed without feedback during performance.

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    Infancy and Motor Learning

    Motor learning begins in early infancy through repeated movement practice.

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    Motivational Factors

    Elements that drive engagement and effort in motor learning.

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    Information Role

    Feedback and understanding of tasks enhance the process of motor learning.

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    Cognitive Stage

    Initial phase of learning where observation occurs before active participation.

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    Associative Stage

    Stage where the learner performs the skill with more control and refinement.

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    Autonomous Stage

    Final stage where skills are performed easily in various environments.

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    Gross Motor Skills

    Skills that require large muscle groups for movements involving the whole body.

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    Fine Motor Skills

    Skills requiring small muscle movements, often involving hands and fingers.

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    Discrete Skills

    Skills with a clear start and end, performed in one execution.

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    Continuous Skills

    Skills performed in a continuous flow without distinct starting or ending points.

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    Motor Learning Factors

    Skill acquisition depends on the learner's stage, task nature, and environment.

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    Motor Skills

    Actions that involve coordinated movements of muscles, like hopping or throwing.

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    Cognitive Phase

    The initial stage of motor learning where the learner understands what to do.

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    Associative Phase

    The second stage of motor learning where the learner begins to refine their skills through practice.

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    Autonomous Phase

    The final stage of motor learning where skills become automatic and require little conscious thought.

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    Recovery after Brain Lesions

    The process through which individuals relearn movement despite deficits from brain damage.

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    Neuroplasticity

    The brain's ability to reorganize itself and form new neural connections throughout life.

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    Motor Skill Loss

    Impairment in motor skills due to muscle activation disorders or control issues.

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    Factors Affecting Motor Learning

    Skill acquisition is influenced by learner’s stage, task nature, and environment structure.

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    Effective Interventions

    Designing appropriate strategies based on understanding motor learning processes for rehabilitation.

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    Motor Programmes (MP)

    Generalized rules for movement stored in memory.

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    Schemas

    Cognitive structures that store rules for adjusting performance.

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    Open Loop Feedback

    Execution of movements without sensory feedback until completed.

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    Types of Feedback

    Muscle, proprioceptive, and environmental inputs during movement.

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    Knowledge of Results

    Information about performance outcome used to adjust movement.

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    Serial skills

    Tasks involving a series of movements in a sequence, like starting a car or playing piano.

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    Open skills

    Tasks performed in changing environments, requiring constant adaptation, like surfing or hiking.

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    Closed skills

    Tasks with set parameters that do not change, such as walking on a carpet, where the environment is stable.

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    Rehabilitation environment

    Includes physical surroundings, methods used, and the knowledge and attitudes of staff during stroke recovery.

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    Passive pursuits in stroke patients

    Stroke patients often spend more time in passive activities rather than engaging in physical exercise.

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    Therapy frequency for stroke patients

    Therapy sessions constitute a small percentage of the patient's day, highlighting limited engagement.

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    Learning environment suitability

    Questions whether the rehabilitation unit effectively supports the learning of new skills.

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    Adams’s Closed Loop Theory

    A theory stating that motor learning occurs through feedback and relies on memory and perception.

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    Feedback in Motor Learning

    Information received about performance, which can be intrinsic (internal) or extrinsic (external).

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    Intrinsic Feedback

    Feedback that originates from within the body, such as proprioception and sensory feelings during movement.

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    Extrinsic Feedback

    Feedback coming from external sources, such as coaches, teammates, or tools in the environment.

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    Memory Trace

    Part of Adams’s theory that involves the selection and initiation of movement based on stored motor experiences.

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    Perceptual Trace

    An internal reference for correctness built through practice, guiding performance quality.

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    Cerebellar Involvement

    The cerebellum plays a significant role in intrinsic feedback by processing movement sensations and corrections.

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    Study Notes

    Motor Learning Lecture 3

    • The lecture covered motor learning, specifically focusing on objectives, cases, and theories.
    • The objectives were to define motor learning, understand its role in development, and identify theoretical models.
    • Motor learning was also considered in the context of lesions in the central nervous system (CNS).
    • Another objective focused on the contribution of task nature, learning stage, and environmental structure to motor learning.
    • Practical factors influencing motor learning, like practice dosage, instructions, movement organization, and force control, were examined as well as motivational factors.
    • A case study of a patient (Mrs. J) recovering from a stroke was presented, prompting questions about recovery course, spontaneous vs. therapy-attributed improvement, and transferability of skills.
    • Key aspects of motor learning includes its early stages seen in infancy (e.g. baby practicing movement), its progression to adult skill acquisition (new skills like driving and sports).
    • Motor learning can be defined as the relatively permanent change in capability for skilled movement due to practice and experience.
    • It's also a process of acquiring or re-acquiring motor skills necessary for daily activities like walking and object handling.
    • Factors that hinder learning include low practice dose, poor instruction, bad posture, and altered force control.
    • Factors that promote learning include sleep, task specific training, and brain stimulation (potential).

    Stages of Motor Learning

    • Motor learning is categorized into three phases: Cognitive, Associative, and Autonomous.
      • Cognitive: Individuals learn the goal of the task. This stage often involves sensory information, verbal instructions, and/or visual guidance, but acquisition is relative slow. Cognitive difficulties will affect how the therapist approaches treatment.
      • Associative: Individuals refine movement skills by detecting and correcting errors; speed and efficiency improves during this stage; sensory feedback is important.
      • Autonomous: Learners perform tasks automatically with little cognitive effort; tasks are mastered; little attention to details of the movements. This phase is analogous to an open-loop model.

    Motor Learning: Classification of Skills

    • Skills are categorized for learning purposes into three types
      • Discrete Skills: Have distinct beginning and ending, like throwing or striking a match.
      • Continuous Skills: Involve repetitive movements without a clear beginning or end, like swimming or running.
      • Serial Skills: Composed of a series of discrete skills, require multiple steps to complete, like starting a car or playing an instrument.
    • Open Skills occur in dynamic, constantly changing environments, such as driving or playing a sport.
    • Closed Skills occur in stable, predictable environments, like walking on a flat surface or using a tool in a stationary position.

    Motor Learning: Nature of the Task

    • Gross Motor Skills involve large muscle groups.
    • Fine Motor Skills use small muscle groups, often for precise movements or object handling.

    Motor Learning: Theories

    • Adams' Closed Loop Theory: Individuals learn through feedback using memory traces.
      • Intrinsic feedback comes from your body's senses (proprioception).
      • Extrinsic feedback comes from external sources (e.g. therapist).
    • Schmidt's Schema Theory: Motor programs contain rules and regulations stored in memory, allowing the learner to perform a movement in various situations without conscious attention. Feedback usually is less important when the task is well-practiced.
    • The open-loop model of feedback illustrates how pre-programmed motor responses are initiated.

    Motor Learning: Structure of the Environment

    • Rehabilitation environments, in the context of stroke, include physical or built environment, and the staff.
    • Research suggests that stroke patients spend significantly more time in passive and solitary behavior, compared to active physical or social participation. This is a possible consideration in structuring the learning environment.

    Questions

    • Is the rehabilitation unit a suitable learning environment?

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    Related Documents

    Motor Learning Part 1 PDF Lecture Notes

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the stages of motor learning, including cognitive, associative, and autonomous phases. This quiz also focuses on skills such as gross and fine motor skills, as well as factors influencing skill acquisition. Enhance your understanding of how these stages apply to tasks and performance.

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