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Questions and Answers
What is the range of motor abilities theorists believe underlie human motor skill behavior?
Which of the following best describes perceptual-motor abilities according to Fleishman's taxonomy?
Which of the following is NOT one of the perceptual-motor abilities identified by Fleishman's taxonomy?
What aspect is primarily considered in physical proficiency motor abilities according to Fleishman's classification?
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Which of the following abilities relates to 'dynamic flexibility' as per Fleishman’s taxonomy?
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What characterizes the cognitive stage of skill acquisition?
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Which statement accurately describes the associative stage of skill acquisition?
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What happens during the autonomous stage of motor skill acquisition?
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Which type of feedback is less needed during the autonomous stage?
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What reflects the main characteristics of the cognitive stage?
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What is true about errors in the associative stage of skill acquisition?
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What distinguishes motor ability from motor skill?
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Which statement best describes the transition from the cognitive to the associative stage?
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Study Notes
Stages of Learning - Skill Acquisition
- Three stages: Cognitive, Associative, and Autonomous
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Cognitive Stage:
- Characterized by many errors and wide variability
- Movements are jerky and limbs remain stiff
- Slow response time, requiring conscious attention for skill elements
- Subverbalization or self-talk is evident
- Stereotypical movements regardless of environmental changes
- Inability to articulate appropriate movement mechanics
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Associative Stage:
- Decreased frequency of errors and less gross errors
- Smoother movements with jerkiness disappearing
- Quicker movements and some movement segments appearing automatic
- Beginning to match movement parameters to environmental changes
- Basic skill requirements are understood
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Autonomous Stage:
- Few errors with little variability
- Smooth and coordinated limb movements
- Quick response time with automatic performance
- All components of skill are well integrated
- Ability to attend to extraneous information while performing the skill
- Ability to perform well in a variety of environmental contexts
- Minimum need for augmented feedback in correcting errors
- Decreased reaction time associated with decision-making
- Minimum energy expenditure
Motor Ability
- A trait supporting the performance of motor skills
- Defined as genetically determined traits that are stable and endure
- Different skills rely on different combinations of motor abilities
- Estimated 40-50 motor abilities exist, though not all have been identified
- Fleishman's Taxonomy of Motor Abilities identifies 21 separate abilities, categorized into Perceptual-Motor Abilities and Physical Proficiency Abilities
Fleishman's Taxonomy of Motor Abilities
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Perceptual-Motor Abilities:
- Primarily determined by the central nervous system
- Examples: multi-limb coordination, control precision, response orientation, rate control, manual dexterity, finger dexterity, arm-hand steadiness, wrist-finger speed, aiming
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Physical Proficiency Abilities:
- Dependent on neurological and physiological factors
- Examples: explosive strength, static strength, dynamic strength, trunk strength, extent flexibility, dynamic flexibility, gross body equilibrium, balance with visual cues, speed of limb movement, gross body coordination, stamina
Task Analysis
- Not directly discussed in the text.
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Description
Explore the three distinct stages of learning: Cognitive, Associative, and Autonomous. Understand the characteristics and progression through each stage as skill mastery develops. This quiz will reinforce your knowledge of how skills are acquired and refined over time.
