Stages of Life and Development

The process of acquiring a motor skill through practice and refinement.

Driving a car automatically after practice demonstrates motor learning.

An internal neurological process that refines movements.

A newborn's typical length at birth is approximately 50 cm.

A child's height approximately doubles their birth height by around 1 year of age

Newborns typically regain their birth weight within one week.

A child triples their birth weight by around 12 months of age.

By 12 months, a baby's brain is approximately 60% developed.

The typical weight of a newborn is between 2 and 3 kg.

Babies typically gain 14-28g per day until 3 months old.

The brain reaches about 80% of its adult size by 2 years of age.

Unequal lower limb lengths can lead to problems such as scoliosis.

The fertilization of an ovum by a sperm.

A zygote is the initial cell formed when an ovum is fertilized by a sperm.

Different aspects of development (physical, cognitive, social, emotional) influence each other.

Development follows a specific order, with certain skills or abilities developing before others.

Development is a gradual process that unfolds over time.

Biological changes (maturation) play an important role in the stages of development.

Maturation is the biological factor responsible for biological changes during development.

Development is influenced by both heredity (genetics) and environment.

Development occurs from head to toe.

Development proceeds from the center of the body outwards.

An involuntary, automatic action.

An environmental agent that can cause developmental defects.

A genetic disorder caused by a pair of recessive genes.

The process of development from fertilization to birth.

Development of a baby from conception to birth

The period of time from conception to birth

Genetic disorder that only requires one copy of the afflicted gene to cause the condition.

A birth weight below a certain threshold

A condition in a baby caused by the mother consuming alcohol during pregnancy

Movement consciously controlled by the brain.

Involuntary response to a stimulus, automatic.

Infant reflex of sucking on objects placed in mouth for nourishment.

Infant reflex resembling walking when held upright.

Infant reflex involving spreading limbs and arching back in response to surprise.

Reflex related to balance and posture, triggered by head position.

Infant reflex of turning toward a touch on or near the cheek to find food.

Reflex typically disappears around 6 months due to muscle and brain development.

Infant reflex persisting past the normal age indicates possible neurological issues.

Lack of Moro reflex could indicate central nervous system damage or brachial plexus injury.

Certain reflexes are used to detect motor skill delays.

Environmental substances harmful to fetal development.

Consequences of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, impacting fetal development.

Birth before 37 weeks of gestation.

Birth after 42 weeks gestation.

Large movements involving the whole body or multiple body parts, often including the upper limb, to displace objects or do other movements that don't need intricate fine detail.

Small, precise movements involving the hands and fingers to manipulate objects or create detail-oriented actions.

A coordinated movement of a few muscles working together, usually at a simple and predictable level of action.

A coordinated movement of multiple body parts where one body part does a movement and another body part does an opposing movement.

Hand movements done in a specific order to achieve a goal.

Skills involving movement from one place to another, like walking, running.

Skills that involve movement in space without changing location.

The ability to make small, precise movements with your hands and fingers.

A wide base of support, with legs abducted (spread apart) and externally rotated (knees flexed, toes pointing outward).

Walking development usually occurs between 12 and 18 months of age.

Normal walking requires maturation of the central nervous system (CNS), adequate range of motion (ROM), and intact sensation, along with motor control.

Crawling and sidestepping/cruising help babies practice the weight shifts needed for walking.

Walking experience, not age, plays a more significant role in the development of mature walking patterns.

Infants often exhibit a posture with bent knees and toes angled outward when they first start walking.

A significant portion of infants initially attempt to climb stairs by crawling.

Crawling down with feet leading is a common method infants use to descend stairs initially.

Manipulative skills involve using hands, feet, or other body parts to handle tools or objects.

Locomotor skills involve moving from one place to another, such as walking, running, or jumping.

Non-locomotor skills involve movement without changing location, such as stretching or bending.

Manual dexterity is the skill in using hands.

Involves precise, coordinated hand and finger movements to manipulate small objects.

Involves larger movements of arms and legs involved in moving larger objects.

Tying shoelaces, writing, using scissors are examples.

Catching a ball, kicking a ball, running, jumping are examples.

Involve coordinated actions of muscles working together in a simple way.

Fine motor manipulation uses your fingers and hands individually.

Involve alternating muscle groups, flexor and extensor muscle actions.

Movement of the hand towards the thumb side.

Grip used to hold and manipulate an object precisely.

Grip used to hold and exert force on an object.

Adjusting an object while holding it within the hand.

One hand becoming the dominant for most tasks.