Lecture 7
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Questions and Answers

Why is controlled oxidation preferred over simple burning in a cell?

  • It allows for the gradual release of energy that can be captured in a usable form. (correct)
  • It results in the rapid release of energy which is lost as heat.
  • It involves more complex reactions that are harder to achieve.
  • It produces a larger amount of waste products.

    • What occurs during the breakdown of simple subunits into Acetyl CoA, ATP, and NADH?

  • Oxidation of Acetyl CoA and substantial ATP production (correct)
  • Digestion into small, absorbable molecules
  • The conversion of glucose into pyruvate
  • Formation of larger molecules from smaller ones

    • What is the net result of glycolysis?

  • Formation of Acetyl CoA
  • Production of waste products
  • Conversion of glucose into pyruvate, ATP, and NADH (correct)
  • Absorption of small molecules

    • Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 stages of glycolysis?

    <p>Energy Investment Phase, Cleavage Phase, Energy Liberation Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Energy Investment Phase in glycolysis?

    <p>Requires ATP to start the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of glycolysis involves the conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate?

    <p>Cleavage Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the Energy Liberation Phase of glycolysis?

    <p>Release of energy and production of ATP and NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of alcohol fermentation?

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a dehydrogenase enzyme?

    <p>Removes hydrogen ions and electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP (net) are produced in lactic acid fermentation from one glucose molecule?

    <p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the products of glycolysis in the presence of oxygen?

    <p>Undergo oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme adds a phosphate group to a molecule?

    <p>Kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of NADH in cellular respiration?

    <p>Produces ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the end products differ between alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?

    <p><strong>End product is ethanol</strong> in alcohol fermentation and <strong>lactic acid in lactic acid fermentation</strong>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substrate level phosphorylation involves which process?

    <p><strong>Transfer of a phosphate group directly to ADP</strong> from a substrate molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?

    <p>To break down organic molecules and generate energy in the form of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the gain of electrons by a molecule?

    <p>Reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction involves both oxidation and reduction processes?

    <p>Redox reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does controlled oxidation benefit a cell more than simple burning of a molecule?

    <p>Controlled oxidation prevents damage to the cell through uncontrolled reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between catabolism and anabolism?

    <p>Catabolism releases energy, while anabolism requires energy input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process does a molecule experience a decrease in its oxidation state?

    <p>Reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a redox reaction, what often comes along with an electron when it is picked up?

    <p>(H+) Proton (Hydrogen Ion)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones?

    <p>Anabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does catabolism differ from anabolism?

    <p>Catabolism releases energy, while anabolism requires energy input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process does a molecule experience an increase in its oxidation state?

    <p>Oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Energy Investment Phase of glycolysis, ATP is required to start the process.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substrate level phosphorylation occurs during the Cleavage Phase of glycolysis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NADH production is a key outcome of the Energy Investment Phase in glycolysis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Energy Liberation Phase of glycolysis involves the conversion of glucose into pyruvate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In glycolysis, the Cleavage Phase is where ATP is generated from ADP and Pi.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Energy Investment Phase of glycolysis involves breaking down glucose into smaller molecules.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NADH is a high-energy molecule that carries electrons to the electron transport chain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Cleavage Phase of glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is split into four three-carbon molecules.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substrate level phosphorylation results in the direct formation of ATP from ADP and Pi.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis involves the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from a substrate molecule.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NADH production in glycolysis requires NADP as a precursor.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kinase is an enzyme that converts a molecule into its isomer.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dehydrogenase enzyme removes hydrogen ions and electrons.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the absence of oxygen, the products of glycolysis can undergo fermentation to generate only CO2.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alcohol fermentation produces lactic acid as its end product.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lactic Acid Fermentation produces more energy (ATP) per glucose molecule than Alcohol Fermentation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Energy Investment Phase of glycolysis, ATP molecules are consumed to phosphorylate glucose.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Cleavage Phase of glycolysis involves the conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Energy Liberation Phase of glycolysis, NADH is produced.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis involves the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP, forming ATP.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The production of NADH in glycolysis occurs primarily during the Cleavage Phase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In glycolysis, the Energy Investment Phase precedes the Cleavage Phase.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Energy Liberation Phase of glycolysis results in the net production of ATP.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NAD+ is reduced to NADH during some steps of glycolysis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The production of NADH in glycolysis involves the oxidation of NAD+.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis occurs only once per glucose molecule.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Energy Investment Phase of glycolysis, ATP molecules are consumed to phosphorylate ______

    <p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Energy Liberation Phase of glycolysis generates ATP and ______, producing pyruvate molecules at the end

    <p>NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substrate level phosphorylation involves the transfer of a phosphate group directly to ADP from a ______ molecule

    <p>substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NADH is needed in order for NADH to be produced in glycolysis. The cell uses NADH in oxidative phosphorylation to produce ______

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Cleavage Phase of glycolysis splits the six-carbon glucose molecule into two ______-carbon molecules

    <p>three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Energy Investment Phase of glycolysis involves breaking down ______ into smaller molecules

    <p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis involves the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a ______ to ADP, forming ATP

    <p>substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NADH production in glycolysis requires ______ as a precursor

    <p>NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Energy Investment Phase of glycolysis requires ______ to start the process.

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Energy Liberation Phase of glycolysis, the net production of ______ occurs.

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Cleavage Phase of glycolysis involves the conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of ______.

    <p>pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NADH production is a key outcome of the Energy Investment Phase in glycolysis. NADH is a high-energy molecule that carries ______ to the electron transport chain.

    <p>electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis involves the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from a ______ molecule.

    <p>substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, the breakdown of simple subunits into Acetyl CoA, ATP, and NADH occurs in the ______.

    <p>cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In glycolysis, the Energy Investment Phase precedes the ______ Phase.

    <p>Cleavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The net result of glycolysis is the conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, along with the production of ______ and NADH.

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Energy Investment Phase of glycolysis, __________ is required to start the process

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Energy Liberation Phase of glycolysis results in the net production of _________

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Cleavage Phase of glycolysis involves the conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of _________

    <p>pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NADH production in glycolysis occurs primarily during the _________ Phase

    <p>Cleavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis involves the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from a _________ molecule

    <p>substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, the Energy Investment Phase precedes the _________ Phase

    <p>Cleavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ involves the direct formation of ATP from ADP and Pi

    <p>Substrate level phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In glycolysis, the Cleavage Phase is where ATP is generated from ADP and Pi through _________

    <p>phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NADH is a high-energy molecule that carries electrons to the _________ transport chain

    <p>electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The net result of glycolysis includes the production of ATP and _________

    <p>pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage involves the breakdown of simple subunits into Acetyl CoA, ATP, and NADH in the cytosol?

    <p>Stage 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of anabolism?

    <p>Build macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of metabolism does controlled oxidation primarily occur?

    <p>Catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of lactic acid fermentation?

    <p>Lactic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of phosphorylation involves the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from a substrate molecule?

    <p>Substrate-level phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does catabolism primarily involve?

    <p>Breakdown of complex molecules to release energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process results in the production of more energy (ATP) per glucose molecule: Lactic acid fermentation or Alcohol fermentation?

    <p>Lactic Acid Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net outcome of glycolysis in terms of ATP produced?

    <p>$2$ ATP produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the 3 stages of food molecule breakdown take place?

    <p>Breakdown - Oxidation - Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can all energy come from sugar alone?

    <p>No, fats and proteins can also be used for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the precursors to ATP and NADH?

    <p>NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is NADH a reduced or oxidized molecule?

    <p>Reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of converting non-sugar precursors into glucose known as?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does glycolysis take place?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many phases are there in glycolysis?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of glycolysis?

    <p>$ ext{Pyruvate}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the absence of oxygen in cells unable to perform fermentation, which product of glycolysis would accumulate in the cytosol?

    <p>Pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step of glycolysis would be halted in mutated muscle cells unable to perform fermentation in anoxic conditions?

    <p>Conversion of glucose to pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of processing pyruvate anaerobically?

    <p>Lactic acid and ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs when a mutated muscle cell is unable to perform fermentation in anoxic conditions?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?

    <p>End products produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is a common precursor for both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fermentation in the absence of oxygen for cells unable to perform it?

    <p>Regenerate NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that allows for the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD from NADH, in the absence of oxygen?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of muscle atrophy in rats, why did researchers observe an increase in gluconeogenesis in the liver?

    <p>Increased energy demands due to muscle atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of increased fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase activity in the liver of rats with hind-limb mobility restored?

    <p>Decreased gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic process is most likely to be upregulated when there is insufficient oxygen available for aerobic respiration?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to pyruvate in the absence of oxygen and without the ability to metabolize further?

    <p>Undergoes fermentation to lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a storage form of energy that can be metabolized for cellular purposes?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the fermentation process converting pyruvate into ethanol?

    <p>Regeneration of NAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is an increase in fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase activity crucial for gluconeogenesis during periods of high energy demand?

    <p>To promote gluconeogenic carbon flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of glycolysis are 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) produced?

    <p>Cleavage phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the energy recovery/generation phase in glycolysis?

    <p>To produce ATP and pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of respiration pathway is known as anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cellular metabolism, what is the primary function of catabolism?

    <p>To break down large molecules into smaller units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do cells not directly burn sugar for energy?

    <p>Direct burning is too slow to produce ATP efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of stepwise oxidation in cellular respiration?

    <p>To prevent the buildup of toxic intermediates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between catabolism and anabolism in cellular metabolism?

    <p>Catabolism involves breaking down, while anabolism involves building up molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

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