Lecture 7 PDF

3 stages of Food Molecule Breakdown 1. 2. Stage 1: Digestion in GI Tract Stage 2: Breakdown of Simple Subunits into Acetyl CoA, ATP and NADH in the cytosol - 3. Stage 3: Oxidation of Acetyl CoA and Substantial ATP Production In - Mitochondria Essential Cell Biology, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2019 W....

3 stages of Food Molecule Breakdown 1. 2. Stage 1: Digestion in GI Tract Stage 2: Breakdown of Simple Subunits into Acetyl CoA, ATP and NADH in the cytosol - 3. Stage 3: Oxidation of Acetyl CoA and Substantial ATP Production In - Mitochondria Essential Cell Biology, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2019 W. W. Norton & Company All of these reactions are part of METABOLISM Metabolism = Catabolism + Anabolism Catabolism = break down of complex molecules and release of energy which is available for the body to use Loading… Anabolism = the use of energy to build macromolecules that the cell needs to function Essential Cell Biology, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2019 W. W. Norton & Company Metabolism Requires Redox Reactions Essential Cell Biology, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2019 W. W. Norton & Company Stepwise oxidation allows the cell to capture the energy necessary for metabolic reactions Loading… 9 ↳ Essential Cell Biology, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2019 W. W. Norton & Company ATP, NADH FADH2 , e - Catobole Glycolysis: the first process of “Stage 2” Ending molecules Starting molecule Essential Cell Biology, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2019 W. W. Norton & Company 3 Phases of Glycolysis (10 steps total in the Phase 1: CYTOSOL) Steps 1-3 Energy investment phase 1 glucose + 2ATP => 1 fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP) Phase 2: Steps 4-5 Cleavage of 6C to 3C molecule phase 1 fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP ) => 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) Phase 3: Steps 6-10 Energy recovery/generation phase 2 G3P => 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 Essential Cell Biology, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2019 W. W. Norton & Company & Co 2 2 wor f aneoroble respiration > - T Feel the burn" > - lactic acid broken down more Essential Cell Biology, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2019 W. W. Norton & Company 2 - 2 work # 2 Essential Cell Biology, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2019 W. W. Norton & Company Essential Cell Biology, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2019 W. W. Norton & Company Loading… Essential Cell Biology, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2019 W. W. Norton & Company Bio 305 Module 7 Metabolism Glycolysis Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation OICIO Carbon Carbon Oxygen is is HOTH choxide + Water being reduced being oxidized - Hi H : C + H + 0 =. O itI Ethane Oxygen gas Oxygen C = H Which type of reaction causes a compound to lose electrons? A. B. Oxidation Reduction What is the term for the processes on the left and for the processes on the right? ↓ Loading… Catabolism -break molecules down ↳ Anabolism - build up macromolecules Why don’t cells do direct burning of sugar? - Huge waste of the energy stored What is the benefit of stepwise oxidation? - Allows better reactions , reducing reactions energy control over , lower side activation What are the 3 stages of food molecule breakdown and where do they take place? - Digestion - GI tract Loading… Breakdown Cytosol - Oxidation Mitochondria Must all energy come from sugar? No be fats and proteins used as energy can What are the 3 phases of glycolysis? => Name Starting molecule Energy used Energy produced Ending molecule Location of phase Cytosol # of steps in phase 13 Cytosa Cytosol 4-516-10 Mark each statement as True or False 1. Glycolysis takes place in Cytosol mitochondria. F 2 Glycolysis nets 4 ATP and 2 NADH. reduced NADH is the oxidized molecule. F There are 10 steps to glycolysis. T dehydrogenase A mutase removes electrons and a hydrogen from a molecule. F The end product of glycolysis is a single X molecule of pyruvate. F --- 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. - - - 2 F NADH Is + Spontaneous ATP happens being created on rxn their OWN - spont. rxR Essential Cell Biology, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2019 W. W. Norton & Company Essential Cell Biology, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2019 W. W. Norton & Company Essential Cell Biology, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2019 W. W. Norton & Company SADD What are the precursors to ATP and to NADH? ↳> NAD + Is NADH a reduced or oxidized molecule? Loading… reduced How is the NADH going to be used? High energy Carner electron Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis making > - neusugars What is gluconeogenesis? When would the cell want to switch from glycolysis to gluconeogenesis? Reversed low blood sugar levels Blood Glucose Levels Control Liver Glycolysis glycolysis High blood glucose, activate PFK2 left side of diagram glocogenesis Low blood glucose, activate FBPase2 via cAMP right side Karin ene ·. lycolysis a delta is -luconeogenes Prejorns cursors an - [ What patterns do you see in [ the molecules that upregulate or downregulate a particular enzyme? product poldus e product precursor What happens to pyruvate in the absence of oxygen? fermentation What are the possible end products of processing pyruvate anaerobically? lactic acd and ethanol What is the total (net) energy output of these pathways? 2ATP When you work out, your muscles contract—doing work that requires ATP. Your body generates this necessary energy by catabolizing glucose. Specifically, when you lift weights, this creates an anoxic (without oxygen) environment in which the muscles must still break down glucose for the energy needed to contract. This is not dangerous for the muscle cells because they can use the process of fermentation rather than glycolysis in the absence of oxygen. However, to answer the following questions, please consider a mutated muscle cell that is unable to perform fermentation in anoxic conditions: 1. Which products of glycolysis would accumulate in the cytosol in the absence of oxygen in cells that cannot do fermentation? Why? Pyruvate fermentation 2. Which step of glycolysis would be halted? Why? and NADH ; b/C pyruvate can't metabolized and NADH can't be converted back to NAD + or. This ethanol glycolysis in conversion + regeneration of NAD the absence of oxygen stops the to continue further via The of pyruvate to lactate from NADH , allowing be Glycogen as energy storage. Essential Cell Biology, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2019 W. W. Norton & Company Fat as energy storage. Essential Cell Biology, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2019 W. W. Norton & Company When the hind limbs of rats are incapacitated, researchers observed a significant increase in the synthesis of three of the four essential enzymes in gluconeogenesis (pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose6-phosphatase). Researchers also detected a trend toward increased activation of the enzyme fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, which is required for gluconeogenesis. Researchers concluded that the process of gluconeogenesis is significantly increased in the liver as a result of muscle atrophy in rats. 1. What is the significance of increased enzyme synthesis of pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and a trend for increased activity in fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase in the livers of rats whose hind limbs were precursors actively producing glucose suspended?suggests energy demands 2. If the hind-limb mobility were restored to these rats, what would you expect to happen to fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase activity in the liver? It would decrease Indicates a metabolic that the liver response Is in the liver to compensate for the decreased mobility from non-carbohydrate of the. hind limbs to meet