Stage Theories of Development

Questions and Answers

What is Psycho-social Development?

The development of your personality.

Who is Eric Erikson?

Pioneer of Psycho-social Development Stage Theory.

What does Erikson's Stage Theory focus on?

Cognitive dissonance

Physical development

Psycho-social conflicts (correct)

Neurological changes

What is the crisis in Stage 1: Infancy?

Trust vs. Mistrust Signup and view all the answers

What is the main conflict in Stage 2: Toddlers?

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt Signup and view all the answers

During Stage 3: Early Childhood, what is the conflict?

Initiative vs. Guilt Signup and view all the answers

What is the crisis faced in Stage 4: Middle Childhood?

Industry vs. Inferiority Signup and view all the answers

What is Stage 5: Adolescence centered around?

Identity vs. Role Confusion Signup and view all the answers

What does Stage 6: Early Adulthood emphasize?

Intimacy vs. Isolation Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Stage 7: Middle Adulthood?

Generativity vs. Stagnation Signup and view all the answers

What is the central concern of Stage 8: Late Adulthood?

Integrity vs. Despair Signup and view all the answers

What is Imprinting?

The biological connection a person has to a caregiver. Signup and view all the answers

What does Attachment refer to?

Connection to a caregiver based on satisfying emotional needs. Signup and view all the answers

Define Temperament.

A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of Harlow and Harlow's study?

Imprinting and Attachment. Signup and view all the answers

What does Bowlby’s research focus on?

Attachment and the emotional bonds formed with caregivers. Signup and view all the answers

What is Basic Trust according to Erik Erikson?

A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy. Signup and view all the answers

What does Ainsworth’s Strange Situation experiment evaluate?

Healthy and unhealthy attachments. Signup and view all the answers

What is Healthy/Secure Attachment?

Requires that caregiver satisfies emotional needs. Signup and view all the answers

What are the Types of Insecure Attachment?

Anxious/Resistant and Anxious/Avoidant Signup and view all the answers

Define Anxious/Resistant Attachment.

Hesitant to explore due to caregiver's inconsistent responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is Anxious/Avoidant Attachment characterized by?

Child ignores caregiver and explores freely. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Baumrind?

Pioneer of parenting styles. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Neglectful Parenting?

Low responsive + low demand Signup and view all the answers

What is Indulgent Parenting?

High responsive + low demand Signup and view all the answers

What is Authoritarian Parenting?

Low responsive + high demand Signup and view all the answers

What defines Authoritative Parenting?

High responsive + high demand Signup and view all the answers

What are Stage Theories?

Theories suggesting that development occurs in distinct stages. Signup and view all the answers

What is Freud's theory of Psychosexual development?

Personality develops over time based on the Id's ability to fulfill its desires at distinct stages. Signup and view all the answers

How many Psychosexual Stages are there?

Five stages. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the Oral Stage?

Baby must be fed appropriately and allowed to explore orally. Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the Anal Stage?

Learning to control bowel movements. Signup and view all the answers

Define the Phallic Stage.

Satisfaction through genitals and development of gender identity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Oedipus Complex?

Wish of boys to possess their mother and eliminate their father. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Latency Stage?

Dormant sexual feelings. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the Genital Stage?

Interest in forming intimate relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What is Identification according to Freud?

Incorporating parents' values into one's developing superegos. Signup and view all the answers

What is Fixation?

Lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energy at an early psychosexual stage. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Vygotsky and what was his contribution?

Challenges Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Zone of Proximal Development?

Difference between what a child can do alone and with assistance. Signup and view all the answers

What is Scaffolding?

The process of providing and gradually removing support to foster independence. Signup and view all the answers

What are Kuble-Ross's Five Stages of Grief?

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance Signup and view all the answers

What is Identity according to Erikson?

One's sense of self. Signup and view all the answers

What are Primary sex characteristics?

Men produce sperm; women have menstruation. Signup and view all the answers

What are Secondary sex characteristics?

Physical changes unrelated to reproduction. Signup and view all the answers

What neurological changes occur during puberty?

Surge of dopamine Signup and view all the answers

What is the Spotlight Theory?

The belief that others are focused on you and judging your flaws. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Teenage Invincibility Complex refer to?

Adolescent belief in being immune to consequences. Signup and view all the answers

Who is James Marcia?

Developer of the Identity Formation Stage Theory. Signup and view all the answers

Define Identity Diffusion.

Stage of not having undergone identity crisis or concerned with identity. Signup and view all the answers

What is Identity Foreclosure?

Adopting values without undergoing a personal identity crisis. Signup and view all the answers

What is Identity Moratorium?

Stage of crisis not yet resolved with questioning beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

Define Identity Achievement.

Stage where crisis is resolved, committing to values. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Involves the development of personality through interactions with the world around us.
Erik Erikson is a key figure in psycho-social development stage theory.

Erikson's Stage Theory

Life stages represent specific crises; resolution influences personality health.
Focus on social interactions and their impact on personality development.

Stages of Development

Infancy (Trust vs. Mistrust): Trust formation depends on meeting basic needs. Mistrust develops if needs are unmet.
Toddlers (Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt): Emphasis on independence; shame arises from parental overprotection.
Early Childhood (Initiative vs. Guilt): Encouraged exploration fosters initiative; restrictions lead to guilt.
Middle Childhood (Industry vs. Inferiority): Success in school and social mastery builds industry; failure results in feelings of inferiority.
Adolescence (Identity vs. Role Confusion): Identity formation is key; lack of exploration can lead to role confusion.
Early Adulthood (Intimacy vs. Isolation): Establishing intimacy requires prior identity formation; isolation may ensue from dependency self-doubt.
Middle Adulthood (Generativity vs. Stagnation): Reflection on legacy creation; stagnation occurs from feelings of unachieved potential.
Late Adulthood (Integrity vs. Despair): Evaluating life achievements brings integrity or despair based on perceived fulfillment.

Attachment and Imprinting

Imprinting: Biological attachment process during critical early life phases based on caregiver connections.
Attachment: Emotional connections require satisfaction of emotional needs, evident in children's behavior towards caregivers.
Temperament: Describes individual emotional reactivity and intensity.

Research Contributions

Harlow and Harlow: Conducted studies on attachment emphasizing that emotional comfort often supersedes biological needs.
Bowlby: Studied attachment formation and its effects; his student, Ainsworth, advanced understanding with the Strange Situation experiment.
Ainsworth's Findings: Healthy attachment involves a caregiver’s consistent emotional support, influencing exploration behavior in children.

Parenting Styles (Baumrind)

Focus on responsiveness and demandingness:
- Neglectful: Low response and low demand leads to insecure attachment and poor social outcomes.
- Indulgent: High response and low demand results in immature, spoiled behavior.
- Authoritarian: Low response and high demand creates high achievement but can lead to low self-esteem.
- Authoritative: High response and high demand fosters high achievers with a strong sense of self-esteem.

Additional Theories

Stage Theories: Include cognitive (Piaget), moral (Kohlberg), psycho-social (Erikson), and psychosexual (Freud) development.
Freud's Psychosexual Stages: Five distinct stages where unresolved conflicts can lead to fixation affecting personality.
Vygotsky's Theory: Emphasizes social interaction in cognitive development, introducing concepts like Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding.

Kubler-Ross's Five Stages of Grief

Stages include denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance, illustrating emotional responses to loss.

Identity Formation (James Marcia)

Identity Diffusion: Lack of concern or commitment to identity issues.
Identity Foreclosure: Commitment to values without exploration; often aligns with parental or societal expectations.
Identity Moratorium: Active questioning of beliefs and values during a crisis.
Identity Achievement: Crisis resolved with a commitment to core values, with potential for regression.

Puberty and Adolescence

Primary Sex Characteristics: Development of reproductive structures; females experience menstruation, males produce sperm.
Secondary Sex Characteristics: Observable changes during puberty, like hair growth and breast development.
Neurological Changes: Dopamine surge influences pleasure; re-establishing neural connections occurs.
Spotlight Theory: Adolescents perceive heightened self-consciousness, feeling constantly observed by peers.
Teenage Invincibility Complex: Belief that risky behaviors have no repercussions, typical in adolescence.

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Description

Explore the key concepts of Psycho-social Development through flashcards. Learn about Erik Erikson's influential stage theory and how personality is shaped by crises encountered throughout life. This quiz provides a foundational understanding of developmental psychology.