Questions and Answers
What is Psycho-social Development?
The development of your personality.
Who is Eric Erikson?
Pioneer of Psycho-social Development Stage Theory.
What does Erikson's Stage Theory focus on?
What is the crisis in Stage 1: Infancy?
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What is the main conflict in Stage 2: Toddlers?
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During Stage 3: Early Childhood, what is the conflict?
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What is the crisis faced in Stage 4: Middle Childhood?
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What is Stage 5: Adolescence centered around?
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What does Stage 6: Early Adulthood emphasize?
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What is the focus of Stage 7: Middle Adulthood?
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What is the central concern of Stage 8: Late Adulthood?
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What is Imprinting?
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What does Attachment refer to?
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Define Temperament.
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What was the focus of Harlow and Harlow's study?
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What does Bowlby’s research focus on?
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What is Basic Trust according to Erik Erikson?
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What does Ainsworth’s Strange Situation experiment evaluate?
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What is Healthy/Secure Attachment?
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What are the Types of Insecure Attachment?
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Define Anxious/Resistant Attachment.
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What is Anxious/Avoidant Attachment characterized by?
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Who is Baumrind?
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What characterizes Neglectful Parenting?
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What is Indulgent Parenting?
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What is Authoritarian Parenting?
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What defines Authoritative Parenting?
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What are Stage Theories?
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What is Freud's theory of Psychosexual development?
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How many Psychosexual Stages are there?
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What occurs during the Oral Stage?
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What is the focus of the Anal Stage?
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Define the Phallic Stage.
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What is the Oedipus Complex?
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What characterizes the Latency Stage?
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What happens during the Genital Stage?
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What is Identification according to Freud?
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What is Fixation?
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Who is Vygotsky and what was his contribution?
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What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
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What is Scaffolding?
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What are Kuble-Ross's Five Stages of Grief?
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What is Identity according to Erikson?
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What are Primary sex characteristics?
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What are Secondary sex characteristics?
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What neurological changes occur during puberty?
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What is the Spotlight Theory?
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What does the Teenage Invincibility Complex refer to?
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Who is James Marcia?
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Define Identity Diffusion.
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What is Identity Foreclosure?
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What is Identity Moratorium?
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Define Identity Achievement.
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Study Notes
Psycho-social Development
- Involves the development of personality through interactions with the world around us.
- Erik Erikson is a key figure in psycho-social development stage theory.
Erikson's Stage Theory
- Life stages represent specific crises; resolution influences personality health.
- Focus on social interactions and their impact on personality development.
Stages of Development
- Infancy (Trust vs. Mistrust): Trust formation depends on meeting basic needs. Mistrust develops if needs are unmet.
- Toddlers (Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt): Emphasis on independence; shame arises from parental overprotection.
- Early Childhood (Initiative vs. Guilt): Encouraged exploration fosters initiative; restrictions lead to guilt.
- Middle Childhood (Industry vs. Inferiority): Success in school and social mastery builds industry; failure results in feelings of inferiority.
- Adolescence (Identity vs. Role Confusion): Identity formation is key; lack of exploration can lead to role confusion.
- Early Adulthood (Intimacy vs. Isolation): Establishing intimacy requires prior identity formation; isolation may ensue from dependency self-doubt.
- Middle Adulthood (Generativity vs. Stagnation): Reflection on legacy creation; stagnation occurs from feelings of unachieved potential.
- Late Adulthood (Integrity vs. Despair): Evaluating life achievements brings integrity or despair based on perceived fulfillment.
Attachment and Imprinting
- Imprinting: Biological attachment process during critical early life phases based on caregiver connections.
- Attachment: Emotional connections require satisfaction of emotional needs, evident in children's behavior towards caregivers.
- Temperament: Describes individual emotional reactivity and intensity.
Research Contributions
- Harlow and Harlow: Conducted studies on attachment emphasizing that emotional comfort often supersedes biological needs.
- Bowlby: Studied attachment formation and its effects; his student, Ainsworth, advanced understanding with the Strange Situation experiment.
- Ainsworth's Findings: Healthy attachment involves a caregiver’s consistent emotional support, influencing exploration behavior in children.
Parenting Styles (Baumrind)
- Focus on responsiveness and demandingness:
- Neglectful: Low response and low demand leads to insecure attachment and poor social outcomes.
- Indulgent: High response and low demand results in immature, spoiled behavior.
- Authoritarian: Low response and high demand creates high achievement but can lead to low self-esteem.
- Authoritative: High response and high demand fosters high achievers with a strong sense of self-esteem.
Additional Theories
- Stage Theories: Include cognitive (Piaget), moral (Kohlberg), psycho-social (Erikson), and psychosexual (Freud) development.
- Freud's Psychosexual Stages: Five distinct stages where unresolved conflicts can lead to fixation affecting personality.
- Vygotsky's Theory: Emphasizes social interaction in cognitive development, introducing concepts like Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding.
Kubler-Ross's Five Stages of Grief
- Stages include denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance, illustrating emotional responses to loss.
Identity Formation (James Marcia)
- Identity Diffusion: Lack of concern or commitment to identity issues.
- Identity Foreclosure: Commitment to values without exploration; often aligns with parental or societal expectations.
- Identity Moratorium: Active questioning of beliefs and values during a crisis.
- Identity Achievement: Crisis resolved with a commitment to core values, with potential for regression.
Puberty and Adolescence
- Primary Sex Characteristics: Development of reproductive structures; females experience menstruation, males produce sperm.
- Secondary Sex Characteristics: Observable changes during puberty, like hair growth and breast development.
- Neurological Changes: Dopamine surge influences pleasure; re-establishing neural connections occurs.
- Spotlight Theory: Adolescents perceive heightened self-consciousness, feeling constantly observed by peers.
- Teenage Invincibility Complex: Belief that risky behaviors have no repercussions, typical in adolescence.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of Psycho-social Development through flashcards. Learn about Erik Erikson's influential stage theory and how personality is shaped by crises encountered throughout life. This quiz provides a foundational understanding of developmental psychology.