Stage Theories of Development
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Questions and Answers

What is Psycho-social Development?

The development of your personality.

Who is Eric Erikson?

Pioneer of Psycho-social Development Stage Theory.

What does Erikson's Stage Theory focus on?

  • Cognitive dissonance
  • Physical development
  • Psycho-social conflicts (correct)
  • Neurological changes

    • What is the crisis in Stage 1: Infancy?

    <p>Trust vs. Mistrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main conflict in Stage 2: Toddlers?

    <p>Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Stage 3: Early Childhood, what is the conflict?

    <p>Initiative vs. Guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crisis faced in Stage 4: Middle Childhood?

    <p>Industry vs. Inferiority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Stage 5: Adolescence centered around?

    <p>Identity vs. Role Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Stage 6: Early Adulthood emphasize?

    <p>Intimacy vs. Isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Stage 7: Middle Adulthood?

    <p>Generativity vs. Stagnation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central concern of Stage 8: Late Adulthood?

    <p>Integrity vs. Despair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Imprinting?

    <p>The biological connection a person has to a caregiver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Attachment refer to?

    <p>Connection to a caregiver based on satisfying emotional needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define Temperament.

    <p>A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of Harlow and Harlow's study?

    <p>Imprinting and Attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Bowlby’s research focus on?

    <p>Attachment and the emotional bonds formed with caregivers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Basic Trust according to Erik Erikson?

    <p>A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Ainsworth’s Strange Situation experiment evaluate?

    <p>Healthy and unhealthy attachments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Healthy/Secure Attachment?

    <p>Requires that caregiver satisfies emotional needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the Types of Insecure Attachment?

    <p>Anxious/Resistant and Anxious/Avoidant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define Anxious/Resistant Attachment.

    <p>Hesitant to explore due to caregiver's inconsistent responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Anxious/Avoidant Attachment characterized by?

    <p>Child ignores caregiver and explores freely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is Baumrind?

    <p>Pioneer of parenting styles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Neglectful Parenting?

    <p>Low responsive + low demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Indulgent Parenting?

    <p>High responsive + low demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Authoritarian Parenting?

    <p>Low responsive + high demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines Authoritative Parenting?

    <p>High responsive + high demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Stage Theories?

    <p>Theories suggesting that development occurs in distinct stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Freud's theory of Psychosexual development?

    <p>Personality develops over time based on the Id's ability to fulfill its desires at distinct stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many Psychosexual Stages are there?

    <p>Five stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the Oral Stage?

    <p>Baby must be fed appropriately and allowed to explore orally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the Anal Stage?

    <p>Learning to control bowel movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define the Phallic Stage.

    <p>Satisfaction through genitals and development of gender identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Oedipus Complex?

    <p>Wish of boys to possess their mother and eliminate their father.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Latency Stage?

    <p>Dormant sexual feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the Genital Stage?

    <p>Interest in forming intimate relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Identification according to Freud?

    <p>Incorporating parents' values into one's developing superegos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Fixation?

    <p>Lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energy at an early psychosexual stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is Vygotsky and what was his contribution?

    <p>Challenges Piaget's theory of cognitive development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Zone of Proximal Development?

    <p>Difference between what a child can do alone and with assistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Scaffolding?

    <p>The process of providing and gradually removing support to foster independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Kuble-Ross's Five Stages of Grief?

    <p>Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Identity according to Erikson?

    <p>One's sense of self.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Primary sex characteristics?

    <p>Men produce sperm; women have menstruation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Secondary sex characteristics?

    <p>Physical changes unrelated to reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurological changes occur during puberty?

    <p>Surge of dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Spotlight Theory?

    <p>The belief that others are focused on you and judging your flaws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Teenage Invincibility Complex refer to?

    <p>Adolescent belief in being immune to consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is James Marcia?

    <p>Developer of the Identity Formation Stage Theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define Identity Diffusion.

    <p>Stage of not having undergone identity crisis or concerned with identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Identity Foreclosure?

    <p>Adopting values without undergoing a personal identity crisis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Identity Moratorium?

    <p>Stage of crisis not yet resolved with questioning beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define Identity Achievement.

    <p>Stage where crisis is resolved, committing to values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psycho-social Development

    • Involves the development of personality through interactions with the world around us.
    • Erik Erikson is a key figure in psycho-social development stage theory.

    Erikson's Stage Theory

    • Life stages represent specific crises; resolution influences personality health.
    • Focus on social interactions and their impact on personality development.

    Stages of Development

    • Infancy (Trust vs. Mistrust): Trust formation depends on meeting basic needs. Mistrust develops if needs are unmet.
    • Toddlers (Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt): Emphasis on independence; shame arises from parental overprotection.
    • Early Childhood (Initiative vs. Guilt): Encouraged exploration fosters initiative; restrictions lead to guilt.
    • Middle Childhood (Industry vs. Inferiority): Success in school and social mastery builds industry; failure results in feelings of inferiority.
    • Adolescence (Identity vs. Role Confusion): Identity formation is key; lack of exploration can lead to role confusion.
    • Early Adulthood (Intimacy vs. Isolation): Establishing intimacy requires prior identity formation; isolation may ensue from dependency self-doubt.
    • Middle Adulthood (Generativity vs. Stagnation): Reflection on legacy creation; stagnation occurs from feelings of unachieved potential.
    • Late Adulthood (Integrity vs. Despair): Evaluating life achievements brings integrity or despair based on perceived fulfillment.

    Attachment and Imprinting

    • Imprinting: Biological attachment process during critical early life phases based on caregiver connections.
    • Attachment: Emotional connections require satisfaction of emotional needs, evident in children's behavior towards caregivers.
    • Temperament: Describes individual emotional reactivity and intensity.

    Research Contributions

    • Harlow and Harlow: Conducted studies on attachment emphasizing that emotional comfort often supersedes biological needs.
    • Bowlby: Studied attachment formation and its effects; his student, Ainsworth, advanced understanding with the Strange Situation experiment.
    • Ainsworth's Findings: Healthy attachment involves a caregiver’s consistent emotional support, influencing exploration behavior in children.

    Parenting Styles (Baumrind)

    • Focus on responsiveness and demandingness:
      • Neglectful: Low response and low demand leads to insecure attachment and poor social outcomes.
      • Indulgent: High response and low demand results in immature, spoiled behavior.
      • Authoritarian: Low response and high demand creates high achievement but can lead to low self-esteem.
      • Authoritative: High response and high demand fosters high achievers with a strong sense of self-esteem.

    Additional Theories

    • Stage Theories: Include cognitive (Piaget), moral (Kohlberg), psycho-social (Erikson), and psychosexual (Freud) development.
    • Freud's Psychosexual Stages: Five distinct stages where unresolved conflicts can lead to fixation affecting personality.
    • Vygotsky's Theory: Emphasizes social interaction in cognitive development, introducing concepts like Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding.

    Kubler-Ross's Five Stages of Grief

    • Stages include denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance, illustrating emotional responses to loss.

    Identity Formation (James Marcia)

    • Identity Diffusion: Lack of concern or commitment to identity issues.
    • Identity Foreclosure: Commitment to values without exploration; often aligns with parental or societal expectations.
    • Identity Moratorium: Active questioning of beliefs and values during a crisis.
    • Identity Achievement: Crisis resolved with a commitment to core values, with potential for regression.

    Puberty and Adolescence

    • Primary Sex Characteristics: Development of reproductive structures; females experience menstruation, males produce sperm.
    • Secondary Sex Characteristics: Observable changes during puberty, like hair growth and breast development.
    • Neurological Changes: Dopamine surge influences pleasure; re-establishing neural connections occurs.
    • Spotlight Theory: Adolescents perceive heightened self-consciousness, feeling constantly observed by peers.
    • Teenage Invincibility Complex: Belief that risky behaviors have no repercussions, typical in adolescence.

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    Description

    Explore the key concepts of Psycho-social Development through flashcards. Learn about Erik Erikson's influential stage theory and how personality is shaped by crises encountered throughout life. This quiz provides a foundational understanding of developmental psychology.

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