Chapters 1&2

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Questions and Answers

What is the stability/change controversy?

Do our early personality traits persist through life or do we become different persons as we age?

What is the continuity/stage is controversy?

Is development a gradual continuous process or a sequence of separate stages?

What is nature versus nurture controversy?

How does genetic inheritance in (our nature) and experiences (to nurture we receive ) influence our behavior?

What is the ecological description in theories?

<p>Description- interaction between individuals and environments. Theories- ecological systems theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the description of biological and its theories?

<p>Description- inherited biological factors and processes. Theories- ethology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cognitive description in theories?

<p>Description- mental processes, problem solving, attention, and memory. Theories- cognitive, developmental theory and Vygotsky's theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the description and theory for learning?

<p>Description- associations, reinforcements, imitation /modeling. Theories- classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social cognitive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychoanalytic description in theories?

<p>Description- unconscious drives, childhood experiences. Theories- Freud's psychosexual theory, Erikson's psychosocial theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Late adulthood

<p>65 plus years</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mid adulthood

<p>40 to 65 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early adulthood

<p>25 to 40 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emerging adulthood

<p>18 to 25 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adolescence/ 10 years

<p>11 to 18 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

Middle childhood/ school years

<p>6 to 11 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early childhood/preschool years

<p>2 to 6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infancy in toddlerhood

<p>Birth to 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prenatal period

<p>Conception to birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a social contexts of development?

<ol> <li>historic- generation 2) socioeconomic- economic status 3) cultural-customs and traditions</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the socio-emotional domain?

<p>Quotations society's influence on the brain quotations: social skills, gender roles, emotional display, appropriateness of behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cognitive domain?

<p>Quotations software of the brain quotations: perception( interception of sensation), judgment, memory capacity, language ability, curiosity, creativity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the biosocial domain?

<p>Quotations hardware of the brain quotations: genes, hormones, nutrition, sensation, motor skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the three domains of human development?

<p>Biosocial, cognitive domain, and socio-emotional domain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define developmental psychology

<p>The scientific study of human development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cross-sectional research? What are its disadvantages and advantages?

<p>Cross-Sectional research are groups that differ in age which share other important characteristics. Advantages: inexpensive, can collect large amounts of data in a brief time. Disadvantages: results may be due to cohort effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is longitudinal research? What are its advantages and disadvantages?

<p>Longitudinal research studies individuals over a long period of time. Advantages: can examine individual growth and developmental changes. Disadvantages: expensive and time consuming attrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cross sequential research?

<p>Cross sequential research studies several groups of people of different ages and then follows those groups longitudinally. It is A combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of genetics?

<p>The field of biology that studies hereditary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are chromosomes?

<p>Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures found in cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are genes?

<p>Genes are biochemical materials that regulate the development of traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA?

<p>Made up of genes, dna takes the form of a double spiral or Helix similar to a twisting ladder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are alleles?

<p>Each member of a pair of genes is termed in allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a genotype?

<p>The genetic instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a phenotype?

<p>The manifestation of the genetic instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is monozygotic?

<p>Identical twins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dizygotic?

<p>Fraternal twins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dominant traits?

<p>Trait that is expressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recessive trait?

<p>A trait that is not expressed when the gene or genes involved have been paired with dominant genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is incomplete dominance?

<p>When the effects of both alleles are shown. For example hazel eyes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is polygenic?

<p>Resulting from many genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is multifactual pattern?

<p>Determined by genes and environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is x-linked patterns?

<p>Genes carried on by the x chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is down syndrome?

<p>47 chromosomes; distinctive facial features intellectual delay. Possible physical problems. Also known as trisomy 21.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Klinefelter syndrome?

<p>XXy chromosomal pattern and males; infertility, psychological problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Turner syndrome?

<p>One X chromosome missing in females; lack of secondary sex characteristics, infertile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tay-sach's disease?

<p>Failure to break down fatty materials and central nervous system; results in blindness, intellectual delay and death by ages four or five.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sickle cell anemia?

<p>Blood disorder producing anemia and considerable pain; caused by sickle shape of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cystic fibrosis?

<p>The body produces excessive mucus, causing problems in the lungs and digestive tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is PKU?

<p>The body fails to break down Amino acid; results in intellectual delay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the germinal period of a pregnancy?

<p>Conception to 2 weeks. Fertilization zygote and implantation blastocyst.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an embryonic stage in a pregnancy?

<p>3 to 8 weeks gestational. By week 8, the yolk sac shrinks, placenta, umbilical cord, heart, and neural tube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first trimester of the fetal period?

<p>9 to 12 weeks. Sex organs differentiate, all body parts, distinct, and movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the second trimester of the fetal period?

<p>13 to 24 weeks. Developments include fingers and toes, nails, hearing begins, lungs begin, nervous system. Sleep wake cycle and can survive outside of the womb at 24 weeks with healthcare help.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the third trimester of the fetal period?

<p>25 to 40 weeks. Developments include; rapid brain growth, maturation of; respiratory cardiovascular, digestive muscle/bones/fat and sensory organs work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a teratogen?

<p>Environmental factors that can contribute to birth defects. Behavioral teratogens specifically damage the brain and affect behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Teratogens: What are the environmental factors that can contribute to birth defects?

<ol> <li>timing: critical period 2) amount of exposure 3) number of teratogens 4) genetics 5) baby sex.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Teratogens: What are the classifications?

<ol> <li>diseases 2) drugs 3) pollutants 4) maternal factors</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major effects of rubella during pregnancy?

<p>Can cause intellectual disabilities and heart disease in the embryo also called German measles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can alcohol affect the fetus during pregnancy?

<p>Fetal alcohol syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can nicotine affect the fetus during the pregnancy?

<p>Can cause low birth weight which has the potential to lead to mental difficulty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does marijuana cause problems for the fetus during the pregnancy?

<p>Can cause low birth weight, immaturity of the nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can mercury affect a fetus during pregnancy?

<p>Cause of intellectual delays. Is also harmful to adults. We Are still exposed to Mercury through eating fish. Mercury run off into streams from the coal industry in the US.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does radiation affect a fetus during a pregnancy?

<p>For prenatal exposure, causes neurons to stop migrating to the cerebral cortex after they are produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to low birth weight?

<p>Malnourishment, teen pregnancy, high blood pressure, and stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What risks do teenage girls have when they are pregnant??

<p>Preeclampsia, anemia, postpartum endometriitis, contracting an STI, premature delivery, and delivery of a low birth weight baby.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Stability vs. Change

Do personality traits remain consistent or change as we age?

Continuity vs. Stages

Is development gradual or does it occur in distinct stages?

Nature vs. Nurture

How do genes and experiences influence our development?

Ecological Perspective

Interaction between individuals and their environments.

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Biological Perspective

Influence of inherited biological factors and processes

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Cognitive Perspective

Focus on mental processes such as problem-solving and memory.

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Learning Perspective

Associations, reinforcements, and modeling shape behavior.

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Psychoanalytic Perspective

Unconscious drives and early childhood experiences.

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Late Adulthood

65 years and older.

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Middle Adulthood

40 to 65 years.

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Early Adulthood

25 to 40 years.

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Emerging Adulthood

18 to 25 years.

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Adolescence

11 to 18 years.

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Middle Childhood

6 to 11 years.

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Early Childhood

2 to 6 years.

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Infancy and Toddlerhood

Birth to 2 years.

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Prenatal Period

Conception to birth.

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Social Context

Historic events, socioeconomic status and cultural customs.

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Socio-Emotional Domain

Society's influence on social skills, gender roles, and emotions.

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Cognitive Domain

Perception, judgment, memory, language, and creativity.

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Bio-Social Domain

Genes, hormones, nutrition, sensation, and motor skills.

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Domains of Development

Bio-social, Cognitive, and Socio-emotional domains.

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Developmental Psychology

The scientific study of how humans change over time.

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Cross-sectional Research

Groups differing in age are compared at one time.

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Longitudinal Research

Individuals are studied over a long period of time.

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Cross-Sequential Research

Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches.

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Genetics

The study of heredity.

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Chromosomes

Rod-shaped structures found in cells; contain genes.

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Genes

Biochemical materials that regulate the development of traits.

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Genotype

The genetic instructions.

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