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Questions and Answers
The resistance of a column with 3 flexible curvatures (like the spine) is R=10.
True
A spinal column with exaggerated curvatures (dynamic type) has a Delmas index higher than 96%.
False
Water and proteoglycans concentrations are highest in the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disk.
False
Collagen fibers of the annulus fibrosus are mainly type II.
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The lamellae surrounding the nucleus of the intervertebral disk are arranged in random patterns.
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Adjacent rings of lamellae in the intervertebral disk have collagen fibers arranged in the same direction.
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The annulus fibers of the intervertebral disk are connected to the bone by Sharpey’s fibers.
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A spinal column with normal curvatures has an index of 85%.
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Collagen fibers in the intervertebral disk resist shear and torsion when they run nearly vertically.
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Distraction forces are associated with movements like flexion, extension, and lateral flexion.
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Torsional forces become relevant in the intervertebral disk because fibers oriented in the direction of the slide or twist become loose.
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The greater the ratio between disk thickness and vertebral body height, the lower the mobility of a particular segment.
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The nucleus position closer to the center of the intervertebral disk enhances its role as a shock absorber.
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Compression force from body weight and muscle contraction elevates hydrostatic pressure in the annulus fibrosus.
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Increased tension in the annulus fibrosus inhibits radial expansion of the nucleus in the intervertebral disk.
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Rising nuclear pressure is exerted horizontally against the endplates in the intervertebral disk.
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The pressure within the nucleus converts the peripheral annulus fibrosus into an unstable weight-bearing structure.
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Lifting a load with the knees flexed exerts more pressure on the lumbar disc compared to lifting a load with the knees straight.
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Sitting in a forward-slouched position produces less disc pressure than sitting erect.
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Each apophyseal joint is formed by the articulation between opposing facet surfaces.
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Horizontal facet surfaces within apophyseal joints favor sagittal flexionextension.
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Most apophyseal joint surfaces are oriented either horizontal or vertical, without any in-between orientations.
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The ratio between the vertebral body and intervertebral discs has no influence on the predominant motion at each spinal region.
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Only shapes of the vertebrae affect the kinematics at different regions of the vertebral column.
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Local muscle actions do not play a role in determining the predominant motion at each spinal region.
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The number of apophyseal joints in the vertebral column varies depending on the individual's height.
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