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Questions and Answers
The collagen fibers in the intervertebral disk run nearly vertically, effectively resisting sliding forces.
False
Distraction forces are a component of horizontal plane movements.
False
The ratio between disk thickness and the height of the vertebral body inversely correlates with mobility.
False
The closer the nucleus position is to the center, the worse it performs as a shock absorber.
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Increased pressure in the nucleus pulposus causes tension in the annular fibrosus to decrease.
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Only the fibers oriented in the direction of slide or twist become taut during torsional forces.
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Shear forces are produced during vertical separation of vertebrae.
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Compression forces from body weight and muscle contraction raise hydrostatic pressure in the annulus fibrosus.
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The resistance of a column with 3 flexible curvatures is R=10.
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The Delmas index of a spinal column with exaggerated curvatures is above 96%.
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The annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disk has the highest concentrations of water and proteoglycans.
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The lamellae of the annulus are arranged in concentric rings that partially enclose the nucleus.
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The collagen fibers in adjacent rings of the annulus are in the same direction.
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The annulus fibers of the intervertebral disk are attached to the epiphyseal ring region by elastic fibers.
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A straight column with N=0 and R=1 is used as a reference for stability-mobility comparisons.
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The normal limits for the index related to spinal column curvatures range from 95% to 97%.
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The pressure within the nucleus converts the annulus fibrosus into a stable weight-bearing structure.
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Lifting a load with the knees flexed exerts more pressure on the lumbar disc than lifting with the knees straight.
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Sitting in a forward-slouched position decreases disc pressure compared to sitting erect.
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Each vertebra contains 24 pairs of apophyseal joints.
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The orientation of facet surfaces within apophyseal joints does not influence kinematics in different regions of the vertebral column.
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Horizontal facet surfaces within apophyseal joints favor lateral flexion.
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Most apophyseal joint surfaces are oriented either horizontally or vertically.
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Shapes of the vertebrae do not influence the predominant motion at each spinal region.
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Local muscle actions have no impact on spinal motion.
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Attachment of ribs or ligaments does not affect spinal motion.
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