Sports Science and Practice Techniques

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with the effectiveness of massed practice?

  • Short attention span (correct)
  • High motivation
  • Good physical condition
  • Basic skill acquisition

What is one advantage of self-controlled practice?

  • Reduces motivation to practice
  • Facilitates learning by allowing choice (correct)
  • Limits practice to only basic skills
  • Decreases learning opportunities

Which wearable technology is used to determine the ball's contact points in cricket?

  • REV Counter
  • Snickometer
  • Hawkeye
  • Hot Spot (correct)

What type of feedback is provided immediately during training for performance adjustments?

<p>Real-time feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fitness trackers are primarily used to monitor which of the following metrics?

<p>Steps taken (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended for learners who have acquired basic movement patterns?

<p>To engage in variable practice strategies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does increasing contextual interference affect learning?

<p>It facilitates learning by introducing variability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of practice should follow after learners gain proficiency?

<p>Random practice should be introduced (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice method combines the advantages of both blocked and random practice?

<p>Repeated-blocked practice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Distributed practice is particularly recommended for which type of skill?

<p>Complex tasks with high-energy requirements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of hands-on instruction?

<p>It involves verbal instructions and feedback to aid skill development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is recommended when giving instructions to learners?

<p>Direct attention to critical elements of the skill. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect should be considered when planning a demonstration?

<p>The characteristics of the model performing the demonstration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should verbal cues be used during the learning process?

<p>They should be concise, accurate, and limited in number. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of demonstrations intended to teach a new motor skill?

<p>The new pattern of coordination needed for effective performance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback is derived from one's own sensory system?

<p>Intrinsic feedback (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach involves providing reinforcement, error correction, and encouragement sequentially?

<p>Sandwich approach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of knowledge of performance feedback?

<p>To inform about specific characteristics of performance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of feedback frequency is most beneficial during the initial stages of learning?

<p>High frequency feedback (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential downside of providing excessive augmented feedback?

<p>Overdependence on external corrections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feedback method involves adjusting the feedback based on the learner's errors?

<p>Bandwidth feedback (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested as an effective strategy before giving augmented feedback?

<p>Allowing the learner to analyze their performance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice schedule is recommended for learners when first introduced to a new motor skill?

<p>Constant practice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary function of sport watches designed for athletes?

<p>Tracking heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of motor learning is characterized by skill becoming automatic?

<p>Autonomous Stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do wearable devices provide for athletes in terms of injury prevention?

<p>They detect and monitor potential injuries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do generalised motor programs help in skilled movement?

<p>By allowing modification to yield various response outcomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback provides immediate insights to athletes for technique adjustments?

<p>Real-time feedback (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element of parameters in the context of motor control?

<p>They define the execution of a skill (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What innovation is likely to enhance data analysis in sports performance through wearable technology?

<p>AI and machine learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the associative stage of motor learning?

<p>The learner is refining the skill through practice and feedback (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does coordination involve according to the discussion?

<p>Interaction of constraints, stability, and requisite ability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested as a major issue with traditional skill acquisition methods?

<p>They fail to reflect motor learning as exploratory activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which coaching method is highlighted as problematic in developed countries?

<p>Repetitive, non-exploratory drills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach is recommended to improve the dialogue in motor skill acquisition?

<p>Ecological or dynamical systems theory approach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is suggested to be a result of over-coaching?

<p>Loss of understanding of movement complexity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hands-on Instruction

A teaching approach where the coach provides detailed verbal instructions, demonstrations, and feedback to guide the learner's skill development.

Hands-off Instruction

A teaching approach where the coach emphasizes movement exploration through manipulating key constraints, allowing learners to discover optimal movement solutions.

Giving Instructions

Instructions should be clear, concise, and use appropriate language tailored to the learner's age and understanding.

Verbal Cues

Providing verbal cues during practice helps focus the learner's attention and prompts specific movements.

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Demonstration

A demonstration should focus on the key elements of the skill and be performed in real time to give learners a clear picture of the movement.

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Data Collection in Wearables

Wearables or sensors used in sports collect information like heart rate, location, movement patterns, and physiological data. This helps in understanding performance and improving training.

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Performance Analysis with Wearables

Wearables in sports go beyond just collecting data. They analyze performance trends, identify strengths and weaknesses, and help athletes fine-tune their training plans for better results.

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Real-Time Feedback in Wearables

Wearables provide athletes with instant feedback during practice and competition. This allows them to adjust their movements and strategies in real-time, leading to better performance.

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Feedback types in Wearables

Wearables are designed to enhance athletic performance, but proper feedback is key. Intrinsic feedback comes from the athlete's body, while extrinsic feedback comes from devices or coaches.

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Personalized Training with Wearables

Wearables in sports are not just about tracking data - they personalize feedback, helping athletes understand their unique strengths and weaknesses. This helps them tailor their training for maximum improvement.

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Random Practice

Involves practicing multiple variations of a task in a random order, leading to more adaptable skills and improved learning.

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Blocked Practice

Involves consistently practicing the same skill or variation before moving to another one, which is suitable for beginners but not as effective long-term.

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Repeated-Blocked Practice

Combining the benefits of both blocked and random practice, by practicing a skill in blocks followed by a random order within each block.

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Contextual Interference

The interference that arises when switching between skills or changing the context of a task during practice.

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Distributed Practice

Shorter, more frequent practice sessions are more effective for learning than fewer, longer sessions.

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Feedback

Information received by a learner about their movement or skill performance.

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Intrinsic Feedback

Feedback coming from the learner's own senses (e.g., feeling a swing, seeing a shot).

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Augmented Feedback

Feedback provided from an external source (e.g., coach's instructions, video replay).

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Knowledge of Results (KR)

Feedback about the outcome of a movement (e.g., whether a shot was successful).

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Knowledge of Performance (KP)

Feedback about the specific characteristics of a movement (e.g., swing mechanics, ball trajectory).

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Purpose of Augmented Feedback

Feedback provided to correct errors, motivate, and reinforce learning.

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Sandwich Approach

A feedback strategy where positive feedback is given first, followed by error correction, and then positive reinforcement.

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Constant Practice

Continuous practice of a single variation of a skill, used in the early stages of learning.

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Generalised Motor Program

A mental blueprint representing a class of actions that can be adapted for different situations.

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Invariant Features

Features of a motor program that remain consistent across different executions of the skill, defining the fundamental nature of the program.

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Parameters

Modifiable aspects of a motor program that allow adaptation to specific situations, defining the execution of the program.

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Schema

A set of rules or relationships learned through practice that guide decision-making in skilled movement.

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Cognitive Stage

The stage of skill learning characterized by understanding the skill and developing a mental representation.

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Associative Stage

The stage of skill learning where repetition and feedback refine the skill.

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Autonomous Stage

The stage of skill learning where the skill becomes automatic, allowing the learner to focus on other aspects.

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Real-time Feedback

Immediate feedback during skill performance that allows for adjustments and improvements in technique.

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Coordination as an interaction

Coordination is not a rigid plan, but a dynamic interplay of constraints (e.g., environment, body limitations), stability (e.g., maintaining balance), and the learner's abilities.

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Skill acquisition challenges

Skill acquisition is still evolving, with researchers seeking effective methods to enhance motor learning in real-world contexts.

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Limitations of traditional skill learning

Traditional methods often rely on static demonstrations and excessive instructions, limiting the learner's exploration and understanding of movement as a dynamic, adaptable process.

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Drawbacks of repetitive drills

Repetitive drills, common in youth sports, can be restrictive and don't encourage the learner's active engagement with their environment, hindering their development of adaptable skills.

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Ecological approach to skill learning

The ecological approach to perception and action proposes that movement is a product of the interaction between the performer and their environment, emphasizing the dynamic and adaptable nature of skill.

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Study Notes

Week 1: Introduction to Motor Learning and Control and Classification of Skills

  • Motor learning examines processes and variables influencing skill acquisition
  • Motor control focuses on the neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement
  • Learning and performance are different; learning is permanent change, performance is the act of executing.
  • Motor skills are categorized by precision (gross vs. fine), movement organization (discrete, serial, continuous), and environmental predictability (open vs. closed)
  • Gentile's multidimensional system classifies skills by context and action requirements
  • Individual differences in abilities affect skill learning
  • Stages of learning are cognitive (basic patterns), associative (refinement), and autonomous (automatic)
  • Gentile's two-stage model emphasizes learner goal and task/environment influence (stages 1 and 2).

Week 2: Information Processing and Reaction Time

  • Perception involves attaching meaning to sensory information
  • Response selection is determining what action to take
  • Response programming is retrieving the motor program from memory
  • Reaction time is the time lag between stimulus and response initiation
  • Numerous factors influence reaction time (response choices, anticipation, compatibility, practice)
  • Recognizing slow response times helps determine causes of errors

Week 3: Skill Presentation: Instructions and Demonstration

  • Practitioners use hands-on (direct instruction/feedback) or hands-off (exploration) approaches
  • Instructions should be concise, accurate, few in number, and repeated
  • Demonstrations should show skill completely, highlight key elements, and be appropriate for learners' experience
  • Learners benefit from focus on whole skill or effects of movements, not only body movement.
  • Vary methods to suit task and learner
  • Provide frequent feedback to guide learning, initially using more frequent feedback that is faded as competency grows.

Week 4: Practice Schedules

  • Constant practice for initial skill learning, then variable practice if skill is more complex or involves multiple actions or situations
  • Varying both the regulatory and non-regulatory conditions of practice will strengthen the skill for general applicability.
  • Contextual interference is useful for skill acquisition when blocked practice (same skill repeated) is used, and when random practice (different skills in different order) is used (to reinforce learning)
  • Effective practice involves adjustments for various factors

Week 5: Wearables in Sport

  • Wearable devices collect various data including heart rate, GPS location, and physiological metrics
  • Data analysis helps identify strengths/weaknesses and optimize training strategies

Week 7: Real-Time Feedback & Sport Performance

  • Real-time feedback allows immediate adjustments during training and competition.
  • Various technologies, such as Hawkeye and Snickometer, are used in cricket to provide performance feedback.
  • Wearable devices provide intrinsic and extrinsic feedback.
  • Wearables enable customized training programs
  • Personalized feedback maximizes learning

Week 8: Motor Control Theories

  • The concept of general motor programs focuses on how skills can be adapted for different situations (invariant/static elements for general applicability) through adjustments in their details (parameters)
  • Motor control issues center on how learners condense movements and control the ensuing actions in skilled movement
  • General motor program theory improves our understanding of how people perform movements in the variety of tasks they encounter

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