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Questions and Answers
Which of the following scientists proved maggots came from flies, not the meat?
Which of the following scientists proved maggots came from flies, not the meat?
Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment disproved abiogenesis.
Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment disproved abiogenesis.
True (A)
What is the commonly used term for the process of killing microbes in wine at 56°C for 30 minutes without oxygen?
What is the commonly used term for the process of killing microbes in wine at 56°C for 30 minutes without oxygen?
Pasteurization
Match the following scientists with their notable contributions:
Match the following scientists with their notable contributions:
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The term "______" refers to organisms with a diameter of 1 mm or less.
The term "______" refers to organisms with a diameter of 1 mm or less.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bacteria?
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Viruses are obligate parasites, meaning they need a living host to replicate.
Viruses are obligate parasites, meaning they need a living host to replicate.
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What is the name of the protective layer found in some bacterial cells that helps shield them from drugs, antibiotics, and host defenses?
What is the name of the protective layer found in some bacterial cells that helps shield them from drugs, antibiotics, and host defenses?
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Which of the following structures is NOT found in eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following structures is NOT found in eukaryotic cells?
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The cell wall of plants is made up of chitin.
The cell wall of plants is made up of chitin.
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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protists?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protists?
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Fungi are classified as autotrophs.
Fungi are classified as autotrophs.
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Match the following types of fungi with their defining characteristics:
Match the following types of fungi with their defining characteristics:
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The process of binary fission is a form of ______ reproduction in bacteria.
The process of binary fission is a form of ______ reproduction in bacteria.
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Endospores are formed by bacteria during favorable environmental conditions.
Endospores are formed by bacteria during favorable environmental conditions.
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What is the name of the phase in bacterial growth where cells are adapting to their environment and there is no significant increase in population?
What is the name of the phase in bacterial growth where cells are adapting to their environment and there is no significant increase in population?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of genetic transfer in bacteria that involves the transfer of DNA by a bacteriophage?
Which of the following is a mechanism of genetic transfer in bacteria that involves the transfer of DNA by a bacteriophage?
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Transformation is a process where bacteria take up naked DNA from the environment.
Transformation is a process where bacteria take up naked DNA from the environment.
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What is the role of the F-pilus in bacterial conjugation?
What is the role of the F-pilus in bacterial conjugation?
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Which of the following best describes the process of metabolism?
Which of the following best describes the process of metabolism?
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Catabolic reactions are typically endergonic, meaning they require an input of energy
Catabolic reactions are typically endergonic, meaning they require an input of energy
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What is the function of enzymes in biological processes?
What is the function of enzymes in biological processes?
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Which level of protein structure is primarily determined by the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain?
Which level of protein structure is primarily determined by the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain?
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Denaturation of a protein refers to the loss of its tertiary structure, often due to extreme temperatures or pH changes.
Denaturation of a protein refers to the loss of its tertiary structure, often due to extreme temperatures or pH changes.
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What type of enzyme inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme, blocking the substrate from binding?
What type of enzyme inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme, blocking the substrate from binding?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of archaea?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of archaea?
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Methanogens are a type of archaea that are strict anaerobes and produce methane gas.
Methanogens are a type of archaea that are strict anaerobes and produce methane gas.
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What is the name of the group of bacteria that lack a cell wall and are known for their ability to cause diseases like pneumonia and walking pneumonia?
What is the name of the group of bacteria that lack a cell wall and are known for their ability to cause diseases like pneumonia and walking pneumonia?
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Which of the following is NOT a universal component found in all cells?
Which of the following is NOT a universal component found in all cells?
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Study Notes
Spontaneous Generation vs. Germ Theory
- Spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) proposed living things arose from non-living matter.
- Examples included rats from old clothes, worms from rotting meat, and microbes from broth.
- The germ theory of disease states living things come from other living things, and microbes cause diseases.
Redi's Experiment
- Conducted in the 17th century.
- Demonstrated maggots came from flies, not rotting meat.
- Three jars: open, covered with gauze, and sealed.
- Open jar had maggots, gauze-covered jar had no maggots, sealed jar had no maggots.
Spallanzani's Experiment
- Performed in the 17th century.
- Studied microbial growth in broth.
- Broth in sealed flasks remained clear.
- His experiment disproved abiogenesis but was challenged, as critics suggested the sealing process destroyed oxygen, essential for life.
Pasteur's Experiment
- Conducted in 1859.
- Used swan-neck flasks to study microbial growth.
- Broth remained clear, unless the flask was tilted, allowing airborne particles to contaminate it.
- Demonstrated that microbes came from pre-existing microbes but critically important that microbes weren't spontaneously generated.
Tyndall's Experiment
- Performed in the late 1800s.
- Boiled broth in a sealed flask, which remained sterile.
- Showed that dust particles carried microorganisms, which were eliminated during sterilization.
Important Scientists in Microbiology
- Antoine van Leeuwenhoek: Invented a microscope with 300x magnification, discovered microorganisms (animalcules).
- Louis Pasteur: Developed pasteurization, discovered microbial role in fermentation.
- Robert Koch: Demonstrated anthrax bacteria cause disease, developed techniques for culturing bacteria.
- Lister: Developed surgical antisepsis using carbolic acid, improving surgical techniques.
- Semmelweis: Emphasized handwashing to control puerperal fever.
- Ehrlich: Pioneered chemotherapy.
- Fleming: Discovered penicillin.
Major Groups of Microbes
- Bacteria: Single-celled prokaryotes.
- Protists: Mostly single-celled eukaryotes. (Algae, Protozoa).
- Fungi: Mostly multicellular eukaryotes, (Yeasts, Molds).
- Viruses: Acellular, non-living, need a host cell to reproduce.
- Helminthes: Parasitic worms.
- Arthropods: (Insects, Mites, Ticks) biological vectors of disease.
Microbe Shapes and Sizes
- Average size: 0.5-2.0 micrometers (1000 micrometers = 1 mm).
- Shapes: spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), spiral (spirilla).
Importance of Microbes
- Decomposition: recycle nutrients in ecosystems.
- Food production: used in making yogurt, cheese, bread etc
- Pharmaceutical production: source of antibiotics.
- Research tools: used in genetic engineering, vaccines.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the concepts of spontaneous generation and germ theory, including pivotal experiments conducted by Redi, Spallanzani, and Pasteur. Understand how these experiments shaped our understanding of life and disease. Explore the transition from the belief in abiogenesis to the establishment of germ theory.
