Spinal Injuries - Key Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What are the four segments of the spine?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

What are the bones of the spine called?

Vertebrae

How many cervical vertebrae are in the spine?

7

How many thoracic vertebrae are in the spine?

<p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many lumbar vertebrae are in the spine?

<p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are parts of each vertebrae?

<p>All of the above (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main functions of the vertebrae?

<p>Protect the spinal cord, hold the body upright, and provide sites for muscular attachments</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are facet joints?

<p>Synovial joints in the back of the spine coated with articular cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main functions of intervertebral disks?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two parts of the intervertebral disks?

<p>Annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main muscles in the back?

<p>Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, rhomboids</p> Signup and view all the answers

The trapezius muscle can be divided into which three parts?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the upper trapezius muscle?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the middle trapezius muscle?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are functions of the erector spinae muscles?

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the rhomboid muscles?

<p>Scapular retraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the serratus anterior muscle?

<p>Protracts scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the rectus abdominis muscle?

<p>Flexes trunk/spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the transverse abdominis muscle?

<p>Supports abdominal wall, assists with breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the oblique muscles?

<p>Trunk/spine rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the scalene muscles?

<p>Cervical flexion and assists with breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

<p>Lateral flexion and rotation of neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the levator scapulae muscle?

<p>Elevation of scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options are curves of the spine?

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is kyphosis?

<p>Excessive posterior/backward curve (seen in thoracic/sacral regions)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are possible signs and symptoms of scoliosis?

<p>All of the above (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these can be causes of scoliosis?

<p>All of the above (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the cause of scoliosis is unknown, it is known as...?

<p>Idiopathic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are typical treatments for scoliosis?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is assessed first when checking for scoliosis?

<p>Shoulder height</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is assessed second when checking for scoliosis?

<p>Hip height at the iliac crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a patient is bent over, what is exposed in a patient with scoliosis?

<p>Rib hump</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is scoliosis measured?

<p>Scoliometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inserted into the spine during scoliosis surgery?

<p>Pedical screws and metal rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of bone grafting in scoliosis surgery?

<p>To prevent scoliosis from returning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What four medical professionals work together on a scoliosis patient?

<p>Surgeons, anesthesiologists, PTs, nurses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of sprains in the spine?

<p>Trunk flexion with some rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are typical signs and symptoms of spine sprains?

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the mechanisms of strains in the back?

<p>Extension under stress, sudden twisting</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are typical signs and symptoms of back strains?

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are typical treatments for back strains/sprains?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are examples of neurological symptoms?

<p>All of the above (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is spondylosis?

<p>Degenerative disease, osteoarthritis of the spine, seen in cervical and lumbar regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is spondylolisthesis?

<p>Occurs when one vertebrae slips forward on the adjacent vertebrae after a fracture has occurred</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between spondylolisthesis in adults and teens?

<p>Vertebrae does not slip off completely in adults, but can for teens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are typical signs and symptoms of spondylolisthesis?

<p>All of the above (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are conservative treatment options for spondylolisthesis?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are surgical treatment options for spondylolisthesis?

<p>Both A and B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pars interarticularis?

<p>Thin bone segment connecting vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does "congenital" mean in this context?

<p>Present from birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to disk injuries?

<p>Violent trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to disks over time?

<p>They weaken/change shape and dry out</p> Signup and view all the answers

What direction does the disk usually herniate in?

<p>Back or lateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the spine do the majority of disk injuries occur?

<p>Lumbar region</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are other names for disk injuries?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are possible mechanisms for a herniated disk?

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are typical signs and symptoms of a herniated disk?

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are disk injuries diagnosed?

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are initial treatment options for disk injuries?

<p>All of the above (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are treatment options for disk injuries?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is surgery recommended for disk injuries?

<p>Conservative treatment fails to improve symptoms after 6-8 weeks, there are persistent neurological symptoms, patient cannot perform basic activities such as standing or walking</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a discectomy?

<p>Part/all of a disk is removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a spinal fusion?

<p>Removes disc and herniated disc fragment, vertebrae above and below removed disc are fused</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an artificial disk replacement?

<p>Prosthetic spacer, placed between two vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three factors that increase the risk of disk injuries?

<p>Age, obesity, occupation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people recover from disk injuries without surgery?

<p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are the four segments of the spine?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral.

What are vertebrae?

The individual bones that make up the spine.

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7 vertebrae.

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12 vertebrae.

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How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5 vertebrae.

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How many sacral vertebrae are there?

5 vertebrae, but they are fused together.

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What are the different parts of each vertebrae?

Body, transverse process, spinous process, vertebral foramen, facets.

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What is the body of a vertebrae?

The main weight-bearing part of the vertebrae.

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What is the transverse process?

Two bony projections that stick out to the sides of the vertebrae.

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What is the spinous process?

A bony projection that sticks out backwards from the vertebrae.

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What is the vertebral foramen?

The hole in the center of the vertebrae that allows the spinal cord to pass through.

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What are facet joints?

Small, smooth surfaces on the vertebrae that allow the vertebrae to articulate with each other.

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What are the three main functions of the vertebrae?

They protect the spinal cord, hold the body upright, and provide attachment points for muscles.

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What is cavitation?

Gas bubbles in the joint.

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What are the three main functions of intervertebral disks?

Shock absorption, keeping vertebrae separated, and providing space for nerves to exit the spinal cord.

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What are the two parts of a disk?

Annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus.

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What are the shortcomings of intervertebral disks?

They have a poor blood supply, which leads to poor healing and compression over time.

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What are the four main muscles in the back?

Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, and rhomboids.

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What are the three parts of the trapezius muscle?

Upper, middle, and lower.

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What are the functions of the upper trapezius?

Shoulder elevation, neck rotation/extension/lateral flexion.

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What are the functions of the lower trapezius?

Depresses/rotates/retracts the scapula, postural muscle.

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What are the functions of the middle trapezius?

Horizontal abduction, and shoulder stabilization.

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What are the functions of the latissimus dorsi?

Shoulder adduction, shoulder extension, and medial rotation of the shoulder.

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What are the functions of the erector spinae?

Trunk extension, controls rate of trunk flexion, lateral trunk flexion, and trunk posture.

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What are the functions of the rhomboids?

Scapular retraction.

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What are the functions of the serratus anterior?

Protracts the scapula.

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What are the functions of the rectus abdominis?

Flexes the trunk/spine.

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What are the functions of the transverse abdominis?

Supports the abdominal wall, and assists with breathing.

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What are the functions of the obliques?

Trunk/spine rotation.

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What are the functions of the scalenes?

Cervical flexion and assists with breathing.

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What are the functions of the sternocleidomastoid?

Lateral flexion and rotation of the neck.

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What are the functions of the levator scapulae?

Elevation of the scapula.

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Study Notes

Spinal Injuries - Key Concepts

  • Spine Segments: The spine is divided into four segments: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral.

  • Vertebrae: The spine's bones are called vertebrae.

  • Vertebral Count: The spine contains 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, and 5 fused sacral vertebrae.

  • Vertebral Structure: Each vertebra has a body, transverse processes, spinous process, vertebral foramen, and facet joints.

  • Facet Joints: Synovial joints in the back of the spine, covered with articular cartilage.

  • Vertebral Functions: Support the body, protect the spinal cord, and provide sites for muscle attachments.

  • Intervertebral Disks: These disks cushion the vertebrae, allow for movement and flexibility, and provide space for spinal nerves.

  • Disk Structure: Composed of annulus fibrosis (outer ring) and nucleus pulposus (inner gel-like substance).

  • Disk Limitations: Poor blood supply results in limited healing and compression over time.

  • Back Muscles: Key muscles include the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, and rhomboids.

  • Trapezius Parts: The trapezius has three parts: upper, middle, and lower.

  • Trapezius Functions: Upper: Elevates/rotates neck. Middle: Stabilizes/abducts shoulder. Lower: Depresses/rotates/retracts scapula.

  • Latissimus Dorsi Function: Shoulder adduction, extension, and medial rotation.

  • Erector Spinae Function: Trunk extension, posture control, and lateral flexion.

  • Rhomboids Function: Scapular retraction.

  • Serratus Anterior Function: Protracts scapula.

  • Other Abdominal Muscles: Rectus abdominis (trunk flexion), Transverse abdominis (abdominal support), and Obliques (trunk rotation) are also important postural muscles.

  • Scalenes and Sternocleidomastoid Function: Support neck movement and breathing.

  • Spinal Curvatures: The spine has four curves: cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, and sacral kyphosis.

  • Scoliosis: An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, often identified by uneven shoulders/hips, rib hump, and difficulty breathing.

  • Scoliosis Causes: Potential causes include malformed vertebrae, leg length discrepancies, fused ribs, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, spina bifida, polio, and idiopathic (unknown cause).

  • Scoliosis Symptoms: Uneven shoulders/waist, one blade more prominent, rib hump, one hip higher, and rib cage jutting out.

  • Scoliosis Treatment: Bracing, physical therapy, and surgery (pedicle screws and metal rods).

  • Spinal Sprains/Strains: Both involve back pain, but sprains result from trunk flexion and rotation while strains involve extension or twisting. Treatment includes rest, ice, NSAIDs and physical therapy.

  • Spinal Degenerations: Spondylosis (degenerative spine), Spinal stenosis (narrowing of spinal canal), and Spondylolisthesis (one vertebra slips forward) are examples that often develop over time.

  • Spondylosis: Symptom is pain and stiffness. Possible neurological complications.

  • Spondylolysis: Stress fracture in the pars interarticularis.

  • Spondylolisthesis: One vertebra slips over another. Symptoms include back pain, muscle spasm, weak lower body, tight hamstrings and step off deformity.

  • Herniated Disks: The majority occur in the lumbar region and result from issues like poor posture, forced movements, or biomechanics. Symptoms include pain, numbness, weakness.

  • Disk Injury Treatment: Includes conservative options like rest, ice, heat, medications, and physical therapy; and surgical interventions, such as discectomy, spinal fusion, or artificial disk replacement, if conservative treatment fails.

  • Risk Factors: Age, obesity, and certain occupations increase risk of disk injury.

  • Recovery Rate: Most recover without surgery, but specific factors and severity of injury will influence final outcome.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to spinal injuries, including the anatomy of the spine, the structure and function of vertebrae, and the role of intervertebral disks. Test your understanding of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine segments and their importance in supporting the body and protecting the spinal cord.

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