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Questions and Answers
Which condition is characterized by the failure of vertebral arches to fuse, exposing the spinal cord in the sacral region?
Which condition is characterized by the failure of vertebral arches to fuse, exposing the spinal cord in the sacral region?
- Marfan Syndrome
- Klippel-Feil Syndrome
- Spina Bifida (correct)
- Cleft Sternum
Which disorder is identified by generalized dysplasia of osseous and dental tissues, with late closure of fontanelles?
Which disorder is identified by generalized dysplasia of osseous and dental tissues, with late closure of fontanelles?
- Spina Bifida
- Achondroplasia
- Cleidocranial dysostosis (correct)
- Kleppel-Feil Syndrome
What condition is classified as an abnormality where the brain fails to grow, leading to insufficient skull expansion?
What condition is classified as an abnormality where the brain fails to grow, leading to insufficient skull expansion?
- Acromegaly
- Micromegaly (correct)
- Hydrocephalus
- Cleft Sternum
Which of the following is NOT associated with skeletal defects?
Which of the following is NOT associated with skeletal defects?
Which condition distinguishes itself with frontal, parietal, and occipital bossing due to dysplasia?
Which condition distinguishes itself with frontal, parietal, and occipital bossing due to dysplasia?
What is the primary cause of cervical spine fusion in Klippel-Feil Syndrome?
What is the primary cause of cervical spine fusion in Klippel-Feil Syndrome?
Which disorder is characterized by the presence of both skull and dental abnormalities?
Which disorder is characterized by the presence of both skull and dental abnormalities?
Which skeletal condition is commonly associated with neural tube defects?
Which skeletal condition is commonly associated with neural tube defects?
What initiates the development of hair in the skin?
What initiates the development of hair in the skin?
What is the role of the arrector pili muscle?
What is the role of the arrector pili muscle?
What type of glands are associated with hair follicles and develop during puberty?
What type of glands are associated with hair follicles and develop during puberty?
How does sweat produced by apocrine glands affect odor?
How does sweat produced by apocrine glands affect odor?
What prominently occurs at the end of the third month during hair development?
What prominently occurs at the end of the third month during hair development?
Which of the following best describes the formation of the dermal root sheath?
Which of the following best describes the formation of the dermal root sheath?
What distinguishes the epithelial hair sheath from the hair shaft during hair development?
What distinguishes the epithelial hair sheath from the hair shaft during hair development?
Which mechanism do sweat glands use to secrete their products?
Which mechanism do sweat glands use to secrete their products?
Which form of skeletal dysplasia is most commonly associated with the long bones?
Which form of skeletal dysplasia is most commonly associated with the long bones?
What is the term for the condition characterized by the premature closure of all cranial sutures?
What is the term for the condition characterized by the premature closure of all cranial sutures?
What is the name for the condition that results from the premature closure of the coronal sutures leading to a short skull?
What is the name for the condition that results from the premature closure of the coronal sutures leading to a short skull?
Which of the following conditions is another term for cloverleaf skull?
Which of the following conditions is another term for cloverleaf skull?
Which condition results from complete or partial midline fusion of the sternal bars?
Which condition results from complete or partial midline fusion of the sternal bars?
Which gene is primarily associated with Thanatophoric dysplasia?
Which gene is primarily associated with Thanatophoric dysplasia?
What is the effect of Hypochondroplasia on skeletal development?
What is the effect of Hypochondroplasia on skeletal development?
Which type of craniosynostosis is characterized by the premature fusion of the sagittal suture?
Which type of craniosynostosis is characterized by the premature fusion of the sagittal suture?
What characterizes the complete absence of one or more limbs?
What characterizes the complete absence of one or more limbs?
What is produced by cells from the neural crest during the first 3 months of development?
What is produced by cells from the neural crest during the first 3 months of development?
Which structure is formed by the differentiation of fibrous tissue within the joint capsule?
Which structure is formed by the differentiation of fibrous tissue within the joint capsule?
What persists between the epiphyses and the diaphysis during bone development?
What persists between the epiphyses and the diaphysis during bone development?
Which process occurs after birth concerning ossification centers?
Which process occurs after birth concerning ossification centers?
What is true regarding melanosomes in melanocytes?
What is true regarding melanosomes in melanocytes?
Which of the following describes the condition where affected females often have a divided uterus?
Which of the following describes the condition where affected females often have a divided uterus?
From what embryonic structure is the dermis derived?
From what embryonic structure is the dermis derived?
What primary curves are established in the spine?
What primary curves are established in the spine?
What event marks the establishment of the cervical curvature?
What event marks the establishment of the cervical curvature?
Which bones are the first to become fully ossified during gestation?
Which bones are the first to become fully ossified during gestation?
What primarily causes the facial features to appear small in comparison with the neurocranium?
What primarily causes the facial features to appear small in comparison with the neurocranium?
How is the vertebral column primarily developed?
How is the vertebral column primarily developed?
What feature reduces the babyish characteristics of the face?
What feature reduces the babyish characteristics of the face?
From which part of the somite does the vertebral column develop?
From which part of the somite does the vertebral column develop?
At what stage in gestation does ossification of the ossicles begin?
At what stage in gestation does ossification of the ossicles begin?
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Study Notes
Spine Development
- Two primary spinal curves: Thoracic and Sacral curvatures.
- Disappearance of Meckel cartilage, except for the sphenomandibular ligament.
- Formation of secondary spinal curves: Cervical curvature develops as the child holds their head up; Lumbar curvature forms as the child learns to walk.
Ossification of Bones
- Ossicles (incus, malleus, stapes) are the first bones to fully ossify, starting around the fourth month of gestation.
Facial Development
- Initially, the face is smaller than the neurocranium due to underdeveloped paranasal sinuses and small jaw bones.
- As teeth and air sinuses develop, facial features mature.
Vertebral Column Formation
- The vertebral column forms from sclerotomes (ventromedial part of somites).
- Involves upper and lower halves of successive sclerotomes and intersegmental tissue.
Skeletal Dysplasias
- Thanatophoric dysplasia and achondroplasia are common skeletal dysplasias primarily affecting long bones.
- Cloverleaf skull results from premature closure of all sutures, leading to brain growth through anterior and sphenoid fontanelles (craniosynostosis).
- Brachycephaly is the condition caused by premature closure of the coronal sutures, resulting in a short skull.
Specific Abnormalities
- Cleft sternum arises from partial midline fusion of sternal bars.
- Spina bifida occurs when vertebral arches fail to fuse, exposing part of the spinal cord.
Genetic Conditions
- Cleidocranial dysostosis shows generalized dysplasia of bone and dental tissues, with late closure of fontanelles and enlarged skull bones.
- Micromegaly is characterized by inadequate brain growth, preventing skull expansion.
Skin and Hair Development
- Secondary ossification centers develop in epiphyses post-birth, similar to diaphysis vascularization.
- The epidermis is initially invaded by neural crest cells in early development, which synthesize melanin in melanosomes and transfer pigmentation to keratinocytes.
Hair Follicle Development
- Hair follicles originate from the germinative layer of the epidermis, growing into the dermis and forming hair papillae.
- Arrector pili muscles develop from surrounding mesenchyme and are linked to hair follicle function.
Sweat Gland Formation
- Apocrine glands develop during puberty from epidermal buds and open onto hair follicles.
- Sweat from apocrine glands contains lipids, proteins, and pheromones, with odor resulting from bacterial breakdown.
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