Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which structure serves as the outermost layer covering the spinal nerves?

  • Perineurium
  • Epineurium (correct)
  • Myelin
  • Endoneurium

What type of reflex involves the processing occurring in the brain rather than the spinal cord?

  • Polysynaptic reflex
  • Spinal reflex
  • Cranial reflex (correct)
  • Monosynaptic reflex

Which of the following spinal nerves serve the ventrolateral body surfaces, body wall, and limbs?

  • Posterior ramus
  • Rami communicantes
  • Dermatome
  • Anterior ramus (correct)

During a lumbar puncture, which layer of the meninges is typically punctured?

<p>Arachnoid mater (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does cerebrospinal fluid primarily serve in the spinal cord?

<p>Acts as a shock absorber (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reflex does NOT involve interneurons in its circuitry?

<p>Monosynaptic reflex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of spinal nerve ramus serves the posterior trunk?

<p>Posterior ramus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reflex is characterized by its involuntary control of skeletal muscles?

<p>Somatic reflex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the rami communicantes in spinal nerves?

<p>Carry sympathetic motor output (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the spinal meninges is the innermost layer that directly contacts the neural tissue?

<p>Pia Mater (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cerebrospinal fluid found in the central canal of the spinal cord?

<p>Act as a shock absorber (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons within the spinal cord?

<p>Posterior root ganglion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the denticulate ligaments in the spinal cord?

<p>Prevent lateral movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a lumbar puncture effectively performed to avoid damage to the spinal cord?

<p>Needle is inserted at L3–L4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue primarily makes up the white matter in the spinal cord?

<p>Myelinated axons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the conus medullaris?

<p>The cone-shaped end of the spinal cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the spinal nerve carries axons from motor neurons?

<p>Anterior root (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature helps to prevent superior-inferior movements of the spinal cord?

<p>Dural connections and coccygeal ligaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?

<p>Controlling skeletal muscle movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cortex is responsible for processing taste information?

<p>Gustatory cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain primarily processes visual information?

<p>Occipital lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Hemispheric lateralization' refer to?

<p>Different functions being localized to either the left or right hemisphere (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cortex of the cerebrum function in terms of sensory processing?

<p>It provides raw sensory information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the brainstem?

<p>Regulating autonomic functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are included in the diencephalon?

<p>Hypothalamus and Thalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the cerebrum is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

<p>Occipital Lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the thalamus within the brain?

<p>Relay center for sensory information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes the cerebellum's function in the brain?

<p>Motor coordination and balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata within the brainstem?

<p>Regulates autonomic reflexes and visceral functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the diencephalon produces melatonin and is involved in regulating sleep-wake cycles?

<p>Pineal gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the thalamus in the brain?

<p>To process and filter sensory information before it reaches the cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for maintaining balance and coordinating voluntary movements?

<p>Cerebellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the midbrain is responsible for directing reflexive eye movements?

<p>Superior colliculus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by difficulty in movement due to the death of neurons in the substantia nigra?

<p>Parkinson's Disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is involved in the relay of both ascending sensory and descending motor tracts within the brainstem?

<p>Pons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily makes up the gray matter in the cerebellum?

<p>Cerebellar cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the cerebrum is known for processing visual information?

<p>Occipital lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the cranial meninges is directly fused to the brain's surface?

<p>Pia mater (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic major function of the cerebellum related to movement control?

<p>Monitors and adjusts movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>Choroid plexus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hypothalamus in relation to the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Controlling endocrine secretions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional region of the cerebrum is primarily involved in higher cognitive functions such as reasoning and decision-making?

<p>Frontal lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium is characterized by cells that appear rectangular in sectional view with elongated nuclei close to the basement membrane?

<p>Simple columnar epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

<p>Secretion and absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following locations is NOT typically associated with non-keratinized epithelium?

<p>Skin surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

<p>Features varying cell shapes and nuclei at different levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is primarily found in which of the following locations?

<p>Mammary glands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes simple epithelium from stratified epithelium?

<p>Stratified epithelium is found in areas requiring protection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue is likely to be found in areas subjected to significant mechanical stress?

<p>Stratified squamous epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium contributes to its function?

<p>Packing of keratin for water resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is associated with simple squamous epithelium?

<p>Irregularly shaped cells resembling fried eggs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of simple squamous epithelium?

<p>Facilitate absorption and diffusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is specific to transitional epithelium?

<p>It can stretch and change appearance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes exocrine glands?

<p>They produce secretions that are delivered through ducts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by multiple layers with flat superficial cells?

<p>Stratified squamous epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'endothelium' refer to?

<p>Epithelial tissue that lines internal organs and cavities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a unicellular exocrine gland?

<p>Mucous (goblet) cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification type of glands releases their contents into interstitial fluid?

<p>Endocrine glands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

<p>It contains cilia on its surface. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue allows for significant changes in its shape?

<p>Transitional (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Spinal Cord Length

The adult spinal cord is approximately 45 cm (18 inches) long and ends around the L1-L2 vertebrae.

Spinal Nerves

The spinal cord has 31 pairs of spinal nerves branching out, including cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

Conus Medullaris

The cone-shaped end of the spinal cord, located at the L1-L2 vertebral level.

Cauda Equina

Bundle of nerve roots that extend from the spinal cord's end below L2 to the sacral region, resembling a horse's tail.

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Filum Terminale

Fibrous strand extending from the conus medullaris to the sacrum, providing longitudinal support to the spinal cord.

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White Matter (Spinal Cord)

Outer region of the spinal cord, composed primarily of myelinated axons.

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Gray Matter (Spinal Cord)

Deep region of the spinal cord, shaped like an 'H' or butterfly, primarily containing neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons.

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Spinal Meninges

Three membranes (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) that cover and protect the spinal cord.

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Lumbar Puncture

Procedure for withdrawing cerebrospinal fluid, done below the conus medullaris (L3-L4) to avoid the spinal cord.

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Denticulate Ligaments

Ligaments extending from the pia mater to the dura mater, preventing lateral movement of the spinal cord.

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Spinal Nerve Anatomy

Spinal nerves are organized from a neuron being wrapped by myelin, then endoneurium, many endoneurium wrapped neurons form a fascicle, these fascicles are wrapped in perineurium, multiple fascicles wrapped in epineurium form a nerve.

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Spinal Nerve Rami

Spinal nerves branch into rami that serve different body areas: posterior ramus for back, anterior ramus for limbs and front, and rami communicantes for autonomic responses.

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Dermatome

A specific area of skin supplied by sensory branches of a pair of spinal nerves.

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Shingles

A viral infection affecting neurons in posterior roots and sensory ganglia, causing a painful rash and blisters along a dermatome.

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Sensory Information in Spinal Nerves

Sensory information from different body parts travels through different rami of the spinal nerves: anterior ramus-limbs and body wall, posterior ramus-back.

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Motor Commands out of Spinal Nerves

Motor commands from the spinal cord travel to the body's muscles through anterior roots and then rami.

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Innate Reflex

Basic reflexes present at birth, such as the sucking reflex.

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Acquired Reflex

Learned reflexes, like habits, that improve with practice.

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Monosynaptic Reflex

Simple reflexes with a direct connection between sensory and motor neurons, leading to a fast response, like a patellar reflex.

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Polysynaptic Reflex

Reflexes involving one or more interneurons, responsible for a more complex response, such as the withdrawal reflex.

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What are the six functional categories of the cerebrum?

The cerebrum has six functional categories: motor, somatosensory, visual, auditory, olfactory, and gustatory.

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What is the difference between the cortex and association areas?

The cortex receives raw sensory information as 0s and 1s, while association areas interpret this data, converting it into perceptions like images, sounds, or feelings.

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What do integrative centers in the cerebrum do?

Integrative centers in the cerebrum receive information from association areas, create greater information associations, direct motor activities, and perform analytical functions.

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What is hemispheric lateralization?

Hemispheric lateralization refers to the idea that the left and right hemispheres of the brain have specialized functions, although functions are mostly mirrored.

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How do the hemispheres connect to the body?

Each cerebral hemisphere is connected to the opposite side of the body, with sensory information coming in and motor commands going out.

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Brain Regions

The brain is divided into four major regions: cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem.

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Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain responsible for higher functions like thinking, learning, memory, and voluntary movement. It's divided into two hemispheres.

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Cerebellum

Located at the back of the brain, it's responsible for coordinating movement, balance, and posture.

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Diencephalon

Located deep within the brain, it acts as a relay center for sensory information and controls many vital functions like temperature and hunger.

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Brainstem

The base of the brain connecting to the spinal cord, it's responsible for basic life support functions like breathing, heart rate, and sleep.

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Dura Mater

The outermost layer of the meninges, a tough fibrous membrane that protects the brain and spinal cord.

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Arachnoid Mater

The middle layer of the meninges, a delicate web-like membrane that lies beneath the dura mater.

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Pia Mater

The innermost layer of the meninges, a thin membrane that adheres directly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

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Subarachnoid Space

The space between the arachnoid and pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A clear fluid that surrounds the CNS, providing support, cushioning, and transporting nutrients and waste.

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Choroid Plexus

A specialized tissue within the ventricles of the brain that produces cerebrospinal fluid.

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Ventricles (Brain)

Interconnected cavities within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

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Medulla Oblongata

The lower part of the brainstem that connects the brain to the spinal cord.

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Pons

A part of the brainstem that relays signals between the cerebrum and cerebellum.

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Midbrain

The most complex part of the brainstem, involved in subconscious motor control.

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Thalamus

A relay center for sensory information, filtering and passing it on to the cerebral cortex.

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Hypothalamus

A control center for many vital functions, including temperature regulation, hunger, and thirst.

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Basal Nuclei

Groups of neurons deep within the cerebrum that control subconscious movements.

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Cerebral Cortex

The outer layer of the cerebrum, responsible for higher-level functions such as thinking, learning, and consciousness.

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Non-keratinized epithelium

This type of epithelium resists abrasion but can dry out. It lines cavities like the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anus, and vagina.

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Simple cuboidal epithelium

This epithelium is made of cube-shaped cells with a central nucleus. It's responsible for secretion and absorption and lines places like exocrine glands, kidney tubules, and the thyroid.

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Stratified columnar epithelium

This type of epithelium is rare and has multiple layers of column-shaped cells. It's involved in secretion, absorption, digestion, and lubrication, mainly found in large ducts like salivary glands or pancreas.

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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

This epithelium has cells of varying shapes and sizes. It appears stratified, but all cells touch the basement membrane. It's typically located in the nasal cavities, trachea, and parts of the male reproductive tract.

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Simple columnar epithelium

This epithelium consists of a single layer of tall, column-shaped cells. It's found in areas where absorption or secretion is important, like the stomach, intestines, and gallbladder.

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Epithelial Tissue

A type of tissue that covers the body's surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands. It plays a vital role in protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration.

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Simple Epithelium

A single layer of epithelial cells, allowing for efficient absorption, diffusion, and filtration.

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Stratified Epithelium

Multi-layered epithelial tissue, providing protection from abrasion and chemical stress.

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Squamous Epithelium

A type of epithelium characterized by thin, flat cells, designed for diffusion, filtration, and absorption.

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Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A type of stratified squamous epithelium with tough, water-resistant protein (keratin) in its top layer, providing extra protection from abrasion and dehydration.

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Transitional Epithelium

A type of stratified epithelium that can stretch and recoil without damage, found in the urinary system, like the bladder and ureters.

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Endocrine Glands

Glands that release secretions directly into the interstitial fluid (inside the body) without ducts.

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Exocrine Glands

Glands that release secretions through ducts onto an epithelial surface (outside the body).

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Mucous (Goblet) Cells

The only unicellular exocrine gland, found scattered in epithelium, secretes mucin that mixes with water to form mucus.

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Connective Tissue Proper

A broad category of connective tissue that includes loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, and adipose tissue.

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Study Notes

Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy

  • The spinal cord is about 45 cm (18 inches) long
  • It ends at L1-L2
  • There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  • There are 8 cervical nerves
  • There are 12 thoracic nerves
  • There are 5 lumbar nerves
  • There are 5 sacral nerves
  • There is 1 coccygeal nerve

Nervous System Independence

  • The brain and cranial nerves receive sensory input and give motor output
  • The spinal cord, spinal nerves, and spinal reflexes have sensory input and motor output over spinal nerves
  • Effectors include muscles, glands, and adipose tissue

Spinal Cord Structure

  • Conus medullaris: Cone-shaped end of the spinal cord at L1-L2
  • Cauda equina: Extended anterior and posterior roots of spinal segments L2 to S5
  • Filum terminale: Fibrous tissue strands from the conus medullaris to S2; provides longitudinal support to the spinal cord

Cross-sectional Spinal Cord Anatomy

  • White matter: Superficial, myelinated axons
  • Gray matter: Deep, H-shaped or butterfly-shaped; mostly neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons
  • Central canal: Contains cerebrospinal fluid
  • Posterior median sulcus: Shallow groove on posterior surface
  • Anterior median fissure: Deep groove on anterior surface

Spinal Nerves

  • Anterior root: Contains axons of motor neurons
  • Posterior root: Contains axons of sensory neurons
  • Posterior root ganglion: Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons in posterior root
  • Spinal nerve: Axons of sensory and motor neurons

Spinal Meninges

  • 3 membranes surrounding the CNS
  • Functions include stability, shock absorption, and carrying oxygen and nutrients
  • Layers PAD the CNS (P-A-D) include: Pia mater, Arachnoid mater, Dura mater

Spinal Cord Covering

  • Dura mater: Outermost covering; tough, fibrous, dense collagen fibers oriented along the spinal cord's longitudinal axis
  • Arachnoid mater: Middle meningeal layer; connects dura and pia
  • Pia mater: Innermost layer; delicate meshwork of elastic and collagen fibers anchored to neural tissue
  • Subarachnoid space and epidural space are also part of the coverings

Spinal Ligaments

  • Supporting ligaments help maintain the spinal cord's position
  • Lateral movements: Denticulate ligaments extend from pia mater to dura mater to prevent lateral movement
  • Vertical movements: Dural connections at foramen magnum and coccygeal ligaments prevent superior-inferior movements

Lumbar Puncture

  • Withdraw cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region below L3-L4, avoiding the spinal cord.

Spinal Nerve Organization

  • Spinal nerve rami: Each spinal nerve divides into rami to serve different body regions
    • Posterior rami: Serve the posterior trunk
    • Anterior rami: Serve the lateral and anterior trunk; limbs
    • Rami communicantes: In spinal nerves T1-L2; carry motor output of the sympathetic nervous system (fight-or-flight response).

Dermatome

  • A bilateral area of skin supplied by a pair of spinal nerves.

Shingles

  • Attacks neurons in posterior roots and sensory ganglia
  • Painful rash/blisters along dermatome of affected nerve

Sensory Information Transmission

  • Anterior ramus: Carries sensory information from the ventrolateral body surface, body wall, limbs
  • Posterior ramus: Transmits sensory information from skin and skeletal muscles of the back
  • The information is relayed along spinal nerves, posterior roots, then to the spinal cord

Spinal Reflexes:

  • Automatic homeostatic reflex arcs
  • Step 1: Stimulation of a receptor
  • Step 2: Activation of a sensory neuron
  • Step 3: Information processing in the CNS.
  • Step 4: Activation of a motor neuron.
  • Step 5: Response of a peripheral effector
  • Types of reflexes include innate (present at birth) and acquired (learned), and are classified based on development, nature of response, complexity of circuit, and processing site.
  • Processing Site Spinal reflexes process in spinal cord
    • Cranial reflexes process in the brain
  • Brain Influence: The brain can influence reflexes by facilitating or inhibiting motor neurons or interneurons
  • Specific Examples Jendrassik maneuver facilitates patellar reflex

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Description

Test your knowledge on the gross anatomy of the spinal cord, including its structure, functions, and nervous system independence. This quiz covers important aspects such as the conus medullaris, cauda equina, and the arrangement of spinal nerves.

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