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What is a common cause of humeral fractures?
What is a common cause of humeral fractures?
Which type of spina bifida is the least severe?
Which type of spina bifida is the least severe?
What is a common symptom of spina bifida?
What is a common symptom of spina bifida?
What is the treatment for a humeral fracture?
What is the treatment for a humeral fracture?
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What is a complication of humeral fractures?
What is a complication of humeral fractures?
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What is the most severe type of spina bifida?
What is the most severe type of spina bifida?
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What is a common feature of spina bifida?
What is a common feature of spina bifida?
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What is the term for changes to tissue beneath the surface?
What is the term for changes to tissue beneath the surface?
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What is the primary cause of thoracic outlet syndrome?
What is the primary cause of thoracic outlet syndrome?
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What is the treatment for a complete UCL rupture?
What is the treatment for a complete UCL rupture?
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What is the primary symptom of medial epicondylitis?
What is the primary symptom of medial epicondylitis?
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What is the treatment for olecranon osteophyte?
What is the treatment for olecranon osteophyte?
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What is the primary cause of posterior elbow dislocation?
What is the primary cause of posterior elbow dislocation?
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What is the primary symptom of ulnar nerve entrapment?
What is the primary symptom of ulnar nerve entrapment?
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What is the treatment for radial head fracture?
What is the treatment for radial head fracture?
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What is the primary cause of elbow arthritis?
What is the primary cause of elbow arthritis?
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What is the primary symptom of carpal tunnel syndrome?
What is the primary symptom of carpal tunnel syndrome?
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What is the primary cause of Dequervain's tenosynovitis?
What is the primary cause of Dequervain's tenosynovitis?
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What is the term for an involuntary twitch of a single motor unit that is NOT visible beneath the skin?
What is the term for an involuntary twitch of a single motor unit that is NOT visible beneath the skin?
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What is the term for a painful, involuntary contraction of a muscle?
What is the term for a painful, involuntary contraction of a muscle?
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What is the term for an involuntary contraction of multiple motor units that is visible beneath the skin?
What is the term for an involuntary contraction of multiple motor units that is visible beneath the skin?
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What is the term for an abnormal contraction of a muscle or group of muscles?
What is the term for an abnormal contraction of a muscle or group of muscles?
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What can be a cause of spasmodic contractions?
What can be a cause of spasmodic contractions?
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What is the term for a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles?
What is the term for a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles?
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What are some common accidents that can lead to injuries?
What are some common accidents that can lead to injuries?
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What is a result of sudden, forceful movements?
What is a result of sudden, forceful movements?
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What type of joint is modified to have a hinge-like motion?
What type of joint is modified to have a hinge-like motion?
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What is a common injury resulting from accidents?
What is a common injury resulting from accidents?
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What is the term for a group of injuries caused by sudden movements?
What is the term for a group of injuries caused by sudden movements?
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What is a common feature of injuries caused by accidents?
What is a common feature of injuries caused by accidents?
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What is the primary cause of Rheumatoid arthritis?
What is the primary cause of Rheumatoid arthritis?
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What is the name of the deformity that occurs when the MCP joint is flexed and the PIP and DIP joints are extended?
What is the name of the deformity that occurs when the MCP joint is flexed and the PIP and DIP joints are extended?
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What is the term for the lump that forms on the joints or tendons in the wrist or hand?
What is the term for the lump that forms on the joints or tendons in the wrist or hand?
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What is the term for the condition where the fascia of the palm thickens and eventually tightens, causing fingers to contract inward?
What is the term for the condition where the fascia of the palm thickens and eventually tightens, causing fingers to contract inward?
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What is the name of the disease characterized by widespread chronic pain, tenderness, and stiffness?
What is the name of the disease characterized by widespread chronic pain, tenderness, and stiffness?
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What is the term for the sudden and severe pain in the joint, usually occurring at night?
What is the term for the sudden and severe pain in the joint, usually occurring at night?
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What is the age range for Rheumatoid arthritis to occur?
What is the age range for Rheumatoid arthritis to occur?
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What is the prevalence of Rheumatoid arthritis worldwide?
What is the prevalence of Rheumatoid arthritis worldwide?
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What is the term for the substance that causes tissue breakdown in Rheumatoid arthritis?
What is the term for the substance that causes tissue breakdown in Rheumatoid arthritis?
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What is the term for the surgical procedure where the sheath around the tendon is cut and then occupational therapy is given?
What is the term for the surgical procedure where the sheath around the tendon is cut and then occupational therapy is given?
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What is the primary cause of Distal radius fractures?
What is the primary cause of Distal radius fractures?
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What is the treatment for non-displaced Scaphoid fractures?
What is the treatment for non-displaced Scaphoid fractures?
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What is the result of Avascular necrosis in Scaphoid fractures?
What is the result of Avascular necrosis in Scaphoid fractures?
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What is the primary cause of Chronic Neck pain?
What is the primary cause of Chronic Neck pain?
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What is a common feature of Cervical degenerative disc disease?
What is a common feature of Cervical degenerative disc disease?
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What is a symptom of Cervical degenerative disc disease?
What is a symptom of Cervical degenerative disc disease?
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What is the treatment for displaced Scaphoid fractures?
What is the treatment for displaced Scaphoid fractures?
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What is a complication of Distal radius fractures?
What is a complication of Distal radius fractures?
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What is a common symptom of a cervical herniated disc?
What is a common symptom of a cervical herniated disc?
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What is the primary cause of cervical osteoarthritis?
What is the primary cause of cervical osteoarthritis?
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What is a complication of spinal stenosis?
What is a complication of spinal stenosis?
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What is a non-surgical treatment for cervical herniated discs?
What is a non-surgical treatment for cervical herniated discs?
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What is a characteristic of cervical osteoarthritis?
What is a characteristic of cervical osteoarthritis?
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What is a risk of surgery for spinal stenosis?
What is a risk of surgery for spinal stenosis?
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Why do cervical herniated discs occur in the neck?
Why do cervical herniated discs occur in the neck?
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What is a common feature of spinal stenosis?
What is a common feature of spinal stenosis?
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What is the primary cause of thoracic outlet syndrome?
What is the primary cause of thoracic outlet syndrome?
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Which type of elbow disorder is characterized by inflammation of the medial tendon of the elbow?
Which type of elbow disorder is characterized by inflammation of the medial tendon of the elbow?
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What is the primary symptom of radial head fracture?
What is the primary symptom of radial head fracture?
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Which type of treatment is usually recommended for olecranon bursitis?
Which type of treatment is usually recommended for olecranon bursitis?
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What is the term for the breakdown of cartilage on the articulating surfaces of bones?
What is the term for the breakdown of cartilage on the articulating surfaces of bones?
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Which type of treatment is usually recommended for carpal tunnel syndrome?
Which type of treatment is usually recommended for carpal tunnel syndrome?
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What is the primary cause of Dequervain's tenosynovitis?
What is the primary cause of Dequervain's tenosynovitis?
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What is the primary symptom of ulnar nerve entrapment?
What is the primary symptom of ulnar nerve entrapment?
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Which type of elbow disorder is characterized by a fracture of the radial head?
Which type of elbow disorder is characterized by a fracture of the radial head?
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What is the primary cause of posterior elbow dislocation?
What is the primary cause of posterior elbow dislocation?
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What is a common cause of injuries?
What is a common cause of injuries?
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Which of the following is a common injury resulting from accidents?
Which of the following is a common injury resulting from accidents?
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What is a common feature of injuries caused by accidents?
What is a common feature of injuries caused by accidents?
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What type of joint is modified to have a hinge-like motion?
What type of joint is modified to have a hinge-like motion?
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What is a result of sudden, forceful movements?
What is a result of sudden, forceful movements?
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Which of the following is a common accident that can lead to injuries?
Which of the following is a common accident that can lead to injuries?
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What is the characteristic of a full-thickness burn?
What is the characteristic of a full-thickness burn?
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What is the primary difference between a deep full-thickness burn and a full-thickness burn?
What is the primary difference between a deep full-thickness burn and a full-thickness burn?
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What is the characteristic of a burn that requires skin grafting and may result in loss of function?
What is the characteristic of a burn that requires skin grafting and may result in loss of function?
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What is the term for an involuntary contraction of a single muscle?
What is the term for an involuntary contraction of a single muscle?
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What is the term for a painful, involuntary contraction of a muscle?
What is the term for a painful, involuntary contraction of a muscle?
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What is the term for an involuntary contraction of multiple motor units that is visible beneath the skin?
What is the term for an involuntary contraction of multiple motor units that is visible beneath the skin?
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What is the term for an abnormal contraction of a muscle or group of muscles?
What is the term for an abnormal contraction of a muscle or group of muscles?
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What can cause spasmodic contractions?
What can cause spasmodic contractions?
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Study Notes
Induration
- Changes to tissue beneath the surface
- Decreased range of motion (ROM)
- Pain management
Spina Bifida
- Birth defect due to incomplete closure of bone and membrane around the spinal cord
- Varies in severity, with symptoms including:
- Leg weakness/paralysis
- Orthopedic issues
- Bowel/bladder issues
- Neurological issues
- All types involve myelomeningocele (MMG)
Types of Spina Bifida
- Occulta (least severe)
- Meningocele (most severe)
- Myelomeningocele (most severe)
Humeral Fractures
- Common upper extremity fracture
- Causes:
- Osteoporosis
- Aging
- Injury
- Symptoms:
- Humeral displacement and location
- Loss of wrist extension and dorsum hand sensation in ⅕ cases (20%) due to radial nerve damage
- Treatment:
- Closed reduction (manual)
- Open reduction internal fixation (ORIF)
- Sling immobilization and mobilization
- Surgical repair
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
- Causes:
- Trauma
- Repetitive use
- Pregnancy
- Anatomical differences
- Poor posture
- Symptoms:
- Pain in the shoulders and neck
- Numbness and tingling
- Coldness in the fingers
- Weakened grip
- Thumb atrophy
- Treatment:
- Non-surgical: rest, activity modification
- Surgical: cutting out part of the rib to open up space
Fracture of the Shoulder
- Causes:
- Floor level falls
- Sports injuries
- MVA
- Symptoms:
- Pain, swelling, and bruising at the shoulder
- Deformity
- Grinding sensation
- Treatment:
- Non-surgical: immobilization, ice, NSAIDs
- Surgical: plates, screws, internal fixation
Elbow Disorders
Medial Epicondylitis
- Inflammation of the medial tendon of the elbow
- Causes:
- Repetitive use of the wrist and forearm
- Symptoms:
- Pain on the medial aspect of the elbow
- Weakness
- Stiffness
- Treatment:
- NSAIDs
- Rest
- Ice
- ROM exercises
- OT/PT
Lateral Epicondylitis
- Inflammation of the lateral tendon of the elbow
- Causes:
- Repetitive use of the wrist and forearm
- Symptoms:
- Pain or burning on the lateral side of the elbow
- Weak grip strength
- Treatment:
- NSAIDs
- Rest
- Ice
- ROM exercises
- OT/PT
Complete UCL Rupture
- Causes:
- Repetitive use
- Fall on an outstretched arm
- Symptoms:
- Pain at the medial elbow
- “Pop” after throwing
- Tenderness
- Swelling
- Inability to throw or perform activity
- Numbness in the ring and pinky fingers
- Treatment:
- Non-surgical: NSAIDS, ice, therapy
- Surgical: Tommy John surgery
Posterior Olecranon Osteophyte
- Formation of bone spurs on the posterior olecranon
- Symptoms:
- Pain in the elbow with no mechanism of injury
- Decreased ROM
- Catching or locking of the elbow joint with movement
- Treatment:
- Surgery to remove bone spurs and debridement of osteophytes
- PT/OT### Hand and Wrist Disorders
- Splint: a preventative measure for thumb tendons, often used in combination with steroids and ice/heat to reduce pain and inflammation
- Ganglion cysts: small, painless, non-cancerous lumps often found near tendons and joints in the wrist and hand
- Swan-neck deformity: a deformity of the MCP joint caused by rheumatoid arthritis, characterized by flexion of the PIP joint and extension of the DIP joint
- Boutonniere deformity: a deformity of the MCP joint caused by a forceful blow to the dorsum of the bent PIP joint, characterized by extension of the PIP joint and flexion of the DIP joint
- Dupuytren's contracture: a condition caused by thickening of the fascia in the palm, leading to lumps, nodules, and cords that pull fingers inward
Arthritic Diseases
- Rheumatoid arthritis: an autoimmune disorder causing inflammation and joint damage, often resulting in bilateral involvement and joint deformity
- Osteoarthritis: a degenerative joint disease causing joint pain, stiffness, and limited mobility
- Fibromyalgia: a chronic condition characterized by widespread muscle pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbances
- Gout: a metabolic disorder causing sudden and severe joint pain, often in the big toe, due to uric acid crystal buildup
Skeletal Features
- Cramp: a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles
- Fasciculation: a visible, involuntary twitch of a muscle or group of muscles
- Spasmodic contraction: an involuntary, painful contraction of a muscle or group of muscles
Distal Radius Fractures
- Falling on an outstretched hand can cause distal radius fractures
- Symptoms include loss of sensation, strength, and range of motion (ROM)
- Treatment options include open reduction (manual), open reduction internal fixation, splint or cast, and immobilization and mobilization with a schedule that varies depending on the case
Scaphoid Fractures
- Wrist hyperextension and radial deviation can cause scaphoid fractures
- Symptoms include pain and tenderness that intensifies when trying to pinch or grasp objects
- Non-displaced fractures can be treated with a non-surgical approach, including a thumb spike splint for 8-10 weeks, and may require an additional 6-8 weeks if the fracture is more distal
- Displaced fractures require surgical treatment with a splint for 2-4 weeks
Other Orthopedics
Chronic Neck Pain
- Causes of chronic neck pain include cervical degenerative disc disease, cervical osteoarthritis, spinal stenosis, and thoracic outlet syndrome
- Symptoms of chronic neck pain include pain, stiffness, decreased ROM, headache, and crepitus (moving a joint and hearing it pop or crack)
- Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as rest, NSAIDs, modalities, exercise, and OT/PT, as well as surgical approaches such as repair of the disc and nucleus pulposus
Cervical Degenerative Disc Disease
- Wear and tear on the cervical spine can cause cervical degenerative disc disease
- Symptoms include pain, stiffness, decreased ROM, and herniated discs
- Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as rest, NSAIDs, modalities, exercise, and OT/PT, as well as surgical approaches such as repair of the disc and nucleus pulposus
Cervical Osteoarthritis
- Aging can lead to increased stiffness in the discs and abnormal growths on the bones of the neck
- Symptoms include pain, stiffness, decreased ROM, headache, and crepitus
- Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as rest, NSAIDs, modalities, exercise, and OT/PT, as well as surgical approaches such as repair of the disc and nucleus pulposus
Spinal Stenosis
- Narrowing of the spinal cord can cause spinal stenosis
- Symptoms include pain, numbness, and possible myelopathy (weakness and decreased coordination in the arms or legs)
- Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as OT/PT, NSAIDs, and surgical approaches such as cervical depression
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
- Trauma, repetitive use, pregnancy, and anatomical differences can cause thoracic outlet syndrome
- Symptoms include pain in the shoulders and neck, numbness and tingling, and coldness in the fingers
- Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as rest, activity modification, and surgical approaches such as cutting out part of the rib to open up space
Fracture of the Shoulder
- Floor-level falls, sports injuries, and MVA can cause fractures of the shoulder
- Symptoms include pain, swelling, and deformity, as well as grinding sensation
- Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as immobilization, ice, and NSAIDs, as well as surgical approaches such as plates, screws, and internal fixation
Elbow Disorders
Medial Epicondyli
- Inflammation of the medial tendon of the elbow can cause medial epicondyli
- Symptoms include pain, weakness, and stiffness, and are usually dominant in the hand
- Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as NSAIDs, rest, ice, ROM, taping, and OT/PT
Lateral Epicondyli
- Inflammation of the lateral tendon of the elbow can cause lateral epicondyli
- Symptoms include pain, weakness, and stiffness, and are usually dominant in the hand
- Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as NSAIDs, rest, ice, ROM, brace, and OT/PT
Complete UCL Rupture
- Repetitive use, falls, and direct injury can cause complete UCL rupture
- Symptoms include pain, swelling, and deformity, as well as numbness in the ring and pinky fingers
- Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as NSAIDs, ice, and therapy, as well as surgical approaches such as Tommy John surgery
Posterior Olecranon Osteophyte
- Formation of bone spurs on the posterior olecranon can cause posterior olecranon osteophyte
- Symptoms include pain, decreased ROM, and catching or locking of the elbow joint
- Treatment options include surgical approaches such as removing bone spurs and debridement of osteophytes
Elbow Dislocation
- Falls on an outstretched arm can cause elbow dislocation
- Symptoms include partial or complete dislocation, pain, and deformity
- Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as relocation and immobilization, as well as surgical approaches such as repair of ligaments and external hinge
Radial Head Fracture
- Falls on an outstretched arm or in conjunction with elbow fractures can cause radial head fracture
- Symptoms include pain, swelling, and decreased ROM
- Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as rest, sling, and NSAIDs, as well as surgical approaches such as removing bone fragments and repair of ligaments
Olecranon Bursitis
- Direct injury, prolonged pressure, infection, and other medical problems can cause olecranon bursitis
- Symptoms include painful elbow, edema, redness, and warm skin
- Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as antibiotics, NSAIDs, and elbow pods, as well as surgical approaches such as removing the bursa and splinting
Elbow Arthritis
- Breakdown of cartilage on the articulating surfaces of bones can cause elbow arthritis
- Symptoms include pain, decreased ROM, locking or grating sensation, and edema
- Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as NSAIDs, OT/PT, and corticosteroids, as well as surgical approaches such as arthroscopy or joint replacement
Ulnar Nerve Entrapment
- Subluxed nerve, prolonged pressure, swelling, and direct injury can cause ulnar nerve entrapment
- Symptoms include pain, numbness, and weakened grip, as well as atrophy or hand musculature
- Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as modifying activities, nerve glide, and NSAIDs, as well as surgical approaches such as cubital tunnel release and transportation of the ulnar nerve
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This quiz covers the basics of spina bifida, a birth defect affecting the spinal cord, and pain management including induration and its effects on tissue and range of motion. Learn about the symptoms and complications of spina bifida.