Spina Bifida and Pain Management

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Questions and Answers

What is a common cause of humeral fractures?

Bowel bladder issues

Spina bifida

Neurological issues

Osteoporosis (correct)

Which type of spina bifida is the least severe?

Myeloma

Meningcele

Occulta (correct)

Induration

What is a common symptom of spina bifida?

Humeral displacement

Decreased ROM

Leg weakness or paralysis (correct)

Pain management

What is the treatment for a humeral fracture?

Closed reduction and open reduction internal fixation Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of humeral fractures?

Loss of wrist extension Signup and view all the answers

What is the most severe type of spina bifida?

Meningcele Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of spina bifida?

Incomplete closure of bone and membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for changes to tissue beneath the surface?

Induration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of thoracic outlet syndrome?

Repetitive use and poor posture Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for a complete UCL rupture?

Surgical: Tommy John surgery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of medial epicondylitis?

Radiating pain from the medial elbow down the forearm Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for olecranon osteophyte?

Surgical removal of the bone spurs and debridement of the osteophytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of posterior elbow dislocation?

Fall on an outstretched arm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of ulnar nerve entrapment?

Numbness and tingling in the elbow, hand, or wrist Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for radial head fracture?

Type II: surgery to remove bone fragments and sling for weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of elbow arthritis?

Breakdown of cartilage on articulating surfaces of bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of carpal tunnel syndrome?

Numbness, tingling, and pain in the fingers, hand, and arm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Dequervain's tenosynovitis?

Repetitive use of the wrist and forearm Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an involuntary twitch of a single motor unit that is NOT visible beneath the skin?

Fasciculation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a painful, involuntary contraction of a muscle?

Cramp Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an involuntary contraction of multiple motor units that is visible beneath the skin?

Spasmodic contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an abnormal contraction of a muscle or group of muscles?

Abnormal contraction Signup and view all the answers

What can be a cause of spasmodic contractions?

Spinal cord injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles?

Spasm Signup and view all the answers

What are some common accidents that can lead to injuries?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of sudden, forceful movements?

Herniated discs and muscle strains Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is modified to have a hinge-like motion?

Synovial joint Signup and view all the answers

What is a common injury resulting from accidents?

Herniated discs and muscle strains Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a group of injuries caused by sudden movements?

Unexpected exertion injuries Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of injuries caused by accidents?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Rheumatoid arthritis?

Untreated synovitis and tenosynovitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the deformity that occurs when the MCP joint is flexed and the PIP and DIP joints are extended?

Swan-neck deformity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the lump that forms on the joints or tendons in the wrist or hand?

Ganglion cyst Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condition where the fascia of the palm thickens and eventually tightens, causing fingers to contract inward?

Dupuytren's contracture Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease characterized by widespread chronic pain, tenderness, and stiffness?

Fibromyalgia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sudden and severe pain in the joint, usually occurring at night?

Gout attack Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range for Rheumatoid arthritis to occur?

25-50 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of Rheumatoid arthritis worldwide?

1% worldwide Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the substance that causes tissue breakdown in Rheumatoid arthritis?

Pannus Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the surgical procedure where the sheath around the tendon is cut and then occupational therapy is given?

Fasciotomy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Distal radius fractures?

Falling on outstretched hand Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for non-displaced Scaphoid fractures?

Thumb spike splint (8-10 weeks) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Avascular necrosis in Scaphoid fractures?

Death to bone tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Chronic Neck pain?

Wear and tear on cervical spine Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of Cervical degenerative disc disease?

Discs are less hydrated Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of Cervical degenerative disc disease?

Feeling better in the morning Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for displaced Scaphoid fractures?

Surgical procedure Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of Distal radius fractures?

Loss of sensation and strength Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of a cervical herniated disc?

Pain and numbness in the arm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of cervical osteoarthritis?

Aging and abnormal growths on bones Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of spinal stenosis?

Impaired bowel and bladder function Signup and view all the answers

What is a non-surgical treatment for cervical herniated discs?

Rest and NSAIDS Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of cervical osteoarthritis?

Decreased range of motion Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk of surgery for spinal stenosis?

Paralysis Signup and view all the answers

Why do cervical herniated discs occur in the neck?

Because it is a common area of injury Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of spinal stenosis?

Possible myelopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of thoracic outlet syndrome?

Anatomical differences Signup and view all the answers

Which type of elbow disorder is characterized by inflammation of the medial tendon of the elbow?

Medial epicondylitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of radial head fracture?

Pain on the radial head Signup and view all the answers

Which type of treatment is usually recommended for olecranon bursitis?

Non-surgical treatment with antibiotics and NSAIDS Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the breakdown of cartilage on the articulating surfaces of bones?

Arthritis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of treatment is usually recommended for carpal tunnel syndrome?

Non-surgical treatment with bracing and NSAIDS Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Dequervain's tenosynovitis?

Repetitive use of the wrist Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of ulnar nerve entrapment?

Numbness and tingling in the hand Signup and view all the answers

Which type of elbow disorder is characterized by a fracture of the radial head?

Radial head fracture Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of posterior elbow dislocation?

Fall on an outstretched arm Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of injuries?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common injury resulting from accidents?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of injuries caused by accidents?

Slips and falls Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is modified to have a hinge-like motion?

Synovial joint Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of sudden, forceful movements?

Injuries Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common accident that can lead to injuries?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a full-thickness burn?

Charred black, bright red, tan, or pearly white, and dry Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a deep full-thickness burn and a full-thickness burn?

Involvement of tendon or muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a burn that requires skin grafting and may result in loss of function?

Deep full-thickness burn Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an involuntary contraction of a single muscle?

Fasciculation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a painful, involuntary contraction of a muscle?

Spasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an involuntary contraction of multiple motor units that is visible beneath the skin?

Fasciculation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an abnormal contraction of a muscle or group of muscles?

Dystonia Signup and view all the answers

What can cause spasmodic contractions?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Induration

Changes to tissue beneath the surface
Decreased range of motion (ROM)
Pain management

Spina Bifida

Birth defect due to incomplete closure of bone and membrane around the spinal cord
Varies in severity, with symptoms including:
Leg weakness/paralysis
Orthopedic issues
Bowel/bladder issues
Neurological issues
All types involve myelomeningocele (MMG)

Types of Spina Bifida

Occulta (least severe)
Meningocele (most severe)
Myelomeningocele (most severe)

Humeral Fractures

Common upper extremity fracture
Causes:
Osteoporosis
Aging
Injury
Symptoms:
Humeral displacement and location
Loss of wrist extension and dorsum hand sensation in ⅕ cases (20%) due to radial nerve damage
Treatment:
Closed reduction (manual)
Open reduction internal fixation (ORIF)
Sling immobilization and mobilization
Surgical repair

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Causes:
Trauma
Repetitive use
Pregnancy
Anatomical differences
Poor posture
Symptoms:
Pain in the shoulders and neck
Numbness and tingling
Coldness in the fingers
Weakened grip
Thumb atrophy
Treatment:
Non-surgical: rest, activity modification
Surgical: cutting out part of the rib to open up space

Fracture of the Shoulder

Causes:
Floor level falls
Sports injuries
MVA
Symptoms:
Pain, swelling, and bruising at the shoulder
Deformity
Grinding sensation
Treatment:
Non-surgical: immobilization, ice, NSAIDs
Surgical: plates, screws, internal fixation

Elbow Disorders

Medial Epicondylitis

Inflammation of the medial tendon of the elbow
Causes:
Repetitive use of the wrist and forearm
Symptoms:
Pain on the medial aspect of the elbow
Weakness
Stiffness
Treatment:
NSAIDs
Rest
Ice
ROM exercises
OT/PT

Lateral Epicondylitis

Inflammation of the lateral tendon of the elbow
Causes:
Repetitive use of the wrist and forearm
Symptoms:
Pain or burning on the lateral side of the elbow
Weak grip strength
Treatment:
NSAIDs
Rest
Ice
ROM exercises
OT/PT

Complete UCL Rupture

Causes:
Repetitive use
Fall on an outstretched arm
Symptoms:
Pain at the medial elbow
“Pop” after throwing
Tenderness
Swelling
Inability to throw or perform activity
Numbness in the ring and pinky fingers
Treatment:
Non-surgical: NSAIDS, ice, therapy
Surgical: Tommy John surgery

Posterior Olecranon Osteophyte

Formation of bone spurs on the posterior olecranon
Symptoms:
Pain in the elbow with no mechanism of injury
Decreased ROM
Catching or locking of the elbow joint with movement
Treatment:
Surgery to remove bone spurs and debridement of osteophytes
PT/OT### Hand and Wrist Disorders
Splint: a preventative measure for thumb tendons, often used in combination with steroids and ice/heat to reduce pain and inflammation
Ganglion cysts: small, painless, non-cancerous lumps often found near tendons and joints in the wrist and hand
Swan-neck deformity: a deformity of the MCP joint caused by rheumatoid arthritis, characterized by flexion of the PIP joint and extension of the DIP joint
Boutonniere deformity: a deformity of the MCP joint caused by a forceful blow to the dorsum of the bent PIP joint, characterized by extension of the PIP joint and flexion of the DIP joint
Dupuytren's contracture: a condition caused by thickening of the fascia in the palm, leading to lumps, nodules, and cords that pull fingers inward

Arthritic Diseases

Rheumatoid arthritis: an autoimmune disorder causing inflammation and joint damage, often resulting in bilateral involvement and joint deformity
Osteoarthritis: a degenerative joint disease causing joint pain, stiffness, and limited mobility
Fibromyalgia: a chronic condition characterized by widespread muscle pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbances
Gout: a metabolic disorder causing sudden and severe joint pain, often in the big toe, due to uric acid crystal buildup

Skeletal Features

Cramp: a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles
Fasciculation: a visible, involuntary twitch of a muscle or group of muscles
Spasmodic contraction: an involuntary, painful contraction of a muscle or group of muscles

Distal Radius Fractures

Falling on an outstretched hand can cause distal radius fractures
Symptoms include loss of sensation, strength, and range of motion (ROM)
Treatment options include open reduction (manual), open reduction internal fixation, splint or cast, and immobilization and mobilization with a schedule that varies depending on the case

Scaphoid Fractures

Wrist hyperextension and radial deviation can cause scaphoid fractures
Symptoms include pain and tenderness that intensifies when trying to pinch or grasp objects
Non-displaced fractures can be treated with a non-surgical approach, including a thumb spike splint for 8-10 weeks, and may require an additional 6-8 weeks if the fracture is more distal
Displaced fractures require surgical treatment with a splint for 2-4 weeks

Other Orthopedics

Chronic Neck Pain

Causes of chronic neck pain include cervical degenerative disc disease, cervical osteoarthritis, spinal stenosis, and thoracic outlet syndrome
Symptoms of chronic neck pain include pain, stiffness, decreased ROM, headache, and crepitus (moving a joint and hearing it pop or crack)
Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as rest, NSAIDs, modalities, exercise, and OT/PT, as well as surgical approaches such as repair of the disc and nucleus pulposus

Cervical Degenerative Disc Disease

Wear and tear on the cervical spine can cause cervical degenerative disc disease
Symptoms include pain, stiffness, decreased ROM, and herniated discs
Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as rest, NSAIDs, modalities, exercise, and OT/PT, as well as surgical approaches such as repair of the disc and nucleus pulposus

Cervical Osteoarthritis

Aging can lead to increased stiffness in the discs and abnormal growths on the bones of the neck
Symptoms include pain, stiffness, decreased ROM, headache, and crepitus
Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as rest, NSAIDs, modalities, exercise, and OT/PT, as well as surgical approaches such as repair of the disc and nucleus pulposus

Spinal Stenosis

Narrowing of the spinal cord can cause spinal stenosis
Symptoms include pain, numbness, and possible myelopathy (weakness and decreased coordination in the arms or legs)
Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as OT/PT, NSAIDs, and surgical approaches such as cervical depression

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Trauma, repetitive use, pregnancy, and anatomical differences can cause thoracic outlet syndrome
Symptoms include pain in the shoulders and neck, numbness and tingling, and coldness in the fingers
Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as rest, activity modification, and surgical approaches such as cutting out part of the rib to open up space

Fracture of the Shoulder

Floor-level falls, sports injuries, and MVA can cause fractures of the shoulder
Symptoms include pain, swelling, and deformity, as well as grinding sensation
Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as immobilization, ice, and NSAIDs, as well as surgical approaches such as plates, screws, and internal fixation

Elbow Disorders

Medial Epicondyli

Inflammation of the medial tendon of the elbow can cause medial epicondyli
Symptoms include pain, weakness, and stiffness, and are usually dominant in the hand
Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as NSAIDs, rest, ice, ROM, taping, and OT/PT

Lateral Epicondyli

Inflammation of the lateral tendon of the elbow can cause lateral epicondyli
Symptoms include pain, weakness, and stiffness, and are usually dominant in the hand
Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as NSAIDs, rest, ice, ROM, brace, and OT/PT

Complete UCL Rupture

Repetitive use, falls, and direct injury can cause complete UCL rupture
Symptoms include pain, swelling, and deformity, as well as numbness in the ring and pinky fingers
Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as NSAIDs, ice, and therapy, as well as surgical approaches such as Tommy John surgery

Posterior Olecranon Osteophyte

Formation of bone spurs on the posterior olecranon can cause posterior olecranon osteophyte
Symptoms include pain, decreased ROM, and catching or locking of the elbow joint
Treatment options include surgical approaches such as removing bone spurs and debridement of osteophytes

Elbow Dislocation

Falls on an outstretched arm can cause elbow dislocation
Symptoms include partial or complete dislocation, pain, and deformity
Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as relocation and immobilization, as well as surgical approaches such as repair of ligaments and external hinge

Radial Head Fracture

Falls on an outstretched arm or in conjunction with elbow fractures can cause radial head fracture
Symptoms include pain, swelling, and decreased ROM
Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as rest, sling, and NSAIDs, as well as surgical approaches such as removing bone fragments and repair of ligaments

Olecranon Bursitis

Direct injury, prolonged pressure, infection, and other medical problems can cause olecranon bursitis
Symptoms include painful elbow, edema, redness, and warm skin
Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as antibiotics, NSAIDs, and elbow pods, as well as surgical approaches such as removing the bursa and splinting

Elbow Arthritis

Breakdown of cartilage on the articulating surfaces of bones can cause elbow arthritis
Symptoms include pain, decreased ROM, locking or grating sensation, and edema
Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as NSAIDs, OT/PT, and corticosteroids, as well as surgical approaches such as arthroscopy or joint replacement

Ulnar Nerve Entrapment

Subluxed nerve, prolonged pressure, swelling, and direct injury can cause ulnar nerve entrapment
Symptoms include pain, numbness, and weakened grip, as well as atrophy or hand musculature
Treatment options include non-surgical approaches such as modifying activities, nerve glide, and NSAIDs, as well as surgical approaches such as cubital tunnel release and transportation of the ulnar nerve

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This quiz covers the basics of spina bifida, a birth defect affecting the spinal cord, and pain management including induration and its effects on tissue and range of motion. Learn about the symptoms and complications of spina bifida.

Spina Bifida and Pain Management

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Questions and Answers

What is a common cause of humeral fractures?

Which type of spina bifida is the least severe?

What is a common symptom of spina bifida?

What is the treatment for a humeral fracture?

What is a complication of humeral fractures?

What is the most severe type of spina bifida?

What is a common feature of spina bifida?

What is the term for changes to tissue beneath the surface?

What is the primary cause of thoracic outlet syndrome?

What is the treatment for a complete UCL rupture?

What is the primary symptom of medial epicondylitis?

What is the treatment for olecranon osteophyte?

What is the primary cause of posterior elbow dislocation?

What is the primary symptom of ulnar nerve entrapment?

What is the treatment for radial head fracture?

What is the primary cause of elbow arthritis?

What is the primary symptom of carpal tunnel syndrome?

What is the primary cause of Dequervain's tenosynovitis?

What is the term for an involuntary twitch of a single motor unit that is NOT visible beneath the skin?

What is the term for a painful, involuntary contraction of a muscle?

What is the term for an involuntary contraction of multiple motor units that is visible beneath the skin?

What is the term for an abnormal contraction of a muscle or group of muscles?

What can be a cause of spasmodic contractions?

What is the term for a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles?

What are some common accidents that can lead to injuries?

What is a result of sudden, forceful movements?

What type of joint is modified to have a hinge-like motion?

What is a common injury resulting from accidents?

What is the term for a group of injuries caused by sudden movements?

What is a common feature of injuries caused by accidents?

What is the primary cause of Rheumatoid arthritis?

What is the name of the deformity that occurs when the MCP joint is flexed and the PIP and DIP joints are extended?

What is the term for the lump that forms on the joints or tendons in the wrist or hand?

What is the term for the condition where the fascia of the palm thickens and eventually tightens, causing fingers to contract inward?

What is the name of the disease characterized by widespread chronic pain, tenderness, and stiffness?

What is the term for the sudden and severe pain in the joint, usually occurring at night?

What is the age range for Rheumatoid arthritis to occur?

What is the prevalence of Rheumatoid arthritis worldwide?

What is the term for the substance that causes tissue breakdown in Rheumatoid arthritis?

What is the term for the surgical procedure where the sheath around the tendon is cut and then occupational therapy is given?

What is the primary cause of Distal radius fractures?

What is the treatment for non-displaced Scaphoid fractures?

What is the result of Avascular necrosis in Scaphoid fractures?

What is the primary cause of Chronic Neck pain?

What is a common feature of Cervical degenerative disc disease?

What is a symptom of Cervical degenerative disc disease?

What is the treatment for displaced Scaphoid fractures?

What is a complication of Distal radius fractures?

What is a common symptom of a cervical herniated disc?

What is the primary cause of cervical osteoarthritis?

What is a complication of spinal stenosis?

What is a non-surgical treatment for cervical herniated discs?

What is a characteristic of cervical osteoarthritis?

What is a risk of surgery for spinal stenosis?

Why do cervical herniated discs occur in the neck?

What is a common feature of spinal stenosis?

What is the primary cause of thoracic outlet syndrome?

Which type of elbow disorder is characterized by inflammation of the medial tendon of the elbow?

What is the primary symptom of radial head fracture?

Which type of treatment is usually recommended for olecranon bursitis?

What is the term for the breakdown of cartilage on the articulating surfaces of bones?

Which type of treatment is usually recommended for carpal tunnel syndrome?

What is the primary cause of Dequervain's tenosynovitis?

What is the primary symptom of ulnar nerve entrapment?

Which type of elbow disorder is characterized by a fracture of the radial head?

What is the primary cause of posterior elbow dislocation?

What is a common cause of injuries?

Which of the following is a common injury resulting from accidents?

What is a common feature of injuries caused by accidents?

What type of joint is modified to have a hinge-like motion?

What is a result of sudden, forceful movements?

Which of the following is a common accident that can lead to injuries?

What is the characteristic of a full-thickness burn?

What is the primary difference between a deep full-thickness burn and a full-thickness burn?

What is the characteristic of a burn that requires skin grafting and may result in loss of function?

What is the term for an involuntary contraction of a single muscle?