53 Questions
What is the process of formation of male and female gametes called?
Gametogenesis
Where do the male gametes (sperm) form?
Testis
At what stage is the primary oocyte arrested during oogenesis?
Prophase of meiosis I
How many oocytes are typically ovulated over a woman's lifetime?
400
When does the female begin to undergo regular monthly cycles?
At puberty
What is the first key stage of embryonic development covered in this lecture series?
Fertilization
Where does fertilization usually take place if healthy sperms are available?
Ampullary region of the uterine tube
What is the result of fertilization in terms of chromosome number?
The zygote contains a new combination of chromosomes from both parents
Which part of the fallopian tube does the fimbriae grasp the ovum and transport it into?
Ampullary region
What is the process by which haploid round spermatids develop into streamlined spermatozoa?
Spermatogenesis
How is the sex of the new individual determined at fertilization?
By a combination of chromosomes from both parents
What initiates cleavage following fertilization?
Initiation of cleavage
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during oogenesis?
Primordial follicle → Primary oocyte → Secondary oocyte → First polar body
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the menstrual cycle?
It secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to regulate the anterior pituitary
What is the significance of the secondary oocyte being arrested in metaphase II of meiosis?
It allows for the completion of meiosis upon fertilization
What is the function of the zona pellucida surrounding the secondary oocyte?
It protects the oocyte from enzymatic digestion
What is the role of the cumulus oophorus during ovulation?
It supports and protects the secondary oocyte during its release
Which hormone is responsible for the secretory changes in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
Progesterone (and estrogen)
Which of the following germ layers gives rise to the visceral peritoneum/pleura, connective tissue and smooth muscles of the gut?
Lateral plate mesoderm
Which germ layer gives rise to the bones of the limbs and the parietal peritoneum/pleura?
Somatic mesoderm
Which component of the paraxial mesoderm migrates around the notochord and neural tube to form the vertebrae and facial skeleton?
Sclerotome
Which structure provides sensory innervation to the dermatome of a body segment?
Neural crest cells
Which structure contributes to the development of the body wall (e.g. T4 segment) muscles?
T4 Myotome
Which germ layer gives rise to the limb muscles?
Somatic mesoderm
Which structure is derived from the neuro-ectoderm?
Central Nervous System
A larger defect on the anterior part of the abdomen due to a defect around the umbilical cord leads to which condition?
Omphalocoele
What contributes to the development of face and limb structures?
Neural Crest Cells
Which part of the body is innervated by motor nerves developed from the neural tube's anterior horn?
Myotome
In limb development, what contributes to connective tissue in the limb bud?
Paraxial Mesoderm
Failure of mesodermal migration and defective fusion of body folds typically leads to which condition?
Omphalocoele
What is the outcome of the embryonic flexion process?
Transformation of three flat discs into a cylindrical body shape
Which tissue is NOT derived from neural crest cells?
Facial bones
Which structure is innervated by dermatomes?
Enteric ganglia
Which of the following muscles is NOT related to limb muscles?
Enteric ganglia
What structure is responsible for the lateral folding of the embryo?
Amnion
Which part of the body is NOT affected by the differentiation of mesoderm during embryonic development?
Dorsal root ganglia
Which of the following is the first stage of catabolism?
Breakdown of nutrient molecules into smaller units
Which of the following is a key intermediate in the conversion of monosaccharides to acetyl-CoA?
Pyruvate
What is the primary function of glycolysis?
To produce ATP for cellular energy
Which of the following conditions is associated with a deficiency in glycolytic enzymes?
Hemolytic anemia
What is the process by which glucose is released from glycogen stores in the liver and muscle cells?
Glycogenolysis
Which of the following is a key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
What is the primary role of glycogenolysis?
To provide energy for cellular processes
Which metabolic intermediate is a key regulator of the enzyme hexokinase in glycolysis?
Glucose-6-phosphate
In which clinical condition is glycolysis upregulated?
Cancer
Which of the following metabolites is a product of glycolysis and can be converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis?
Pyruvate
Which hormone plays a key role in regulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?
Glucagon
Which of the following conditions can result in increased lactate production?
All of the above
Which of the following metabolic pathways directly produces acetyl-CoA?
Both b and c
What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)?
Generate NADH and FADH2 for oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following conditions can lead to an accumulation of NADH, potentially driving the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) reaction towards lactate formation?
All of the above
What is the primary role of glycogenolysis?
Provide glucose for glycolysis
Which of the following metabolic intermediates is directly produced during glycolysis?
Pyruvate
Test your knowledge on the process of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis, where round spermatids develop into mature spermatozoa. This quiz covers the transformation of germ cells to spermatozoa and their motility.
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