Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis Processes Quiz

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Questions and Answers

When does ______ happen in sea urchins? - once meiosis is completed

fertilization

Response of sperm to fertilization - acrosomal ______

reaction

Responses of egg to fertilization 1) Slow polyspermy block - Sea Urchin egg - Madako egg 2) Fast polyspermy block - Sea Urchin egg - Madako egg Diagram of seas urchin sperm Plasma membrane - first barrier of ______

protection

Mitochondria - energy generated for power and speed of sperm; ______

motor Signup and view all the answers

Nucleus - 'driver' of sperm; takes up most of the cell space (since the whole purpose of the sperm is to carry ______)

DNA Signup and view all the answers

G-actin - aka globular actin - The individual actin molecules which have polarity which gives overall polarity to the actin filament (F-actin) - monomers of F-actin - oriented in a way that the F-actin has a distinct plus end and a minus end - Stored underneath the acrosomal vesicle in its unpolymerized stage (has not formed F-actin yet) F-actin - A fibrous protein made of a long chain of G actin molecules twisted into a helix - has distinct positive and negative ______

ends Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the sperm makes initial contact with the egg? - ______

fertilization Signup and view all the answers

N. Hartsoeker created an early version of the microscope in ______

1965 Signup and view all the answers

The first spermists' theory developed by N. Hartsoeker proposed a microscopic-sized human inside each sperm called a ______

Homunculus Signup and view all the answers

Model systems used to examine animal development include Medaka egg, Sea urchin, , and

Frog, Chick Signup and view all the answers

The frog life cycle begins with egg and sperm forming a ______ through fertilization

zygote Signup and view all the answers

Cells divide through a process called ______

cleavage Signup and view all the answers

Gastrulation leads to the formation of three distinct cell layers in a structure called ______

Gastrula Signup and view all the answers

In ______, organs reach a state of maturity where they can start to function

Histogenesis Signup and view all the answers

There is a rapid increase in ______ Ca2+ following the fusion of the sperm membrane with the egg's membrane.

cytosolic Signup and view all the answers

If cytosolic Ca2+ is increased by other means, in the absence of ______, many of the events of normal fertilization are initiated.

sperm Signup and view all the answers

Evidence for calcium levels after fertilization comes from the paper "a free ______ wave traverses the activating egg of the medaka [Japanese rice fish]".

calcium Signup and view all the answers

Geroge T. Reynold from ______ measured calcium levels shortly after fertilization occurs.

PURDUE Signup and view all the answers

Reynold found that a wave of Ca2+ sweeps across the fertilized egg of ______, frogs, and sea urchins.

fish Signup and view all the answers

A rise in Ca2+ occurs in all ______ at fertilization.

eggs Signup and view all the answers

An increase of Ca2+ is a ______ for development, but it will eventually cease since you need the DNA from the sperm to continue this process.

trigger Signup and view all the answers

Ernest Everett studied sea urchin fertilization at the Marine Biological Lab in Woods Hole, MA - described the event that took place when a sea urchin egg is exposed to ______

sperm Signup and view all the answers

In 2, you can see that most of the sperm have disappeared and there is only the one predominant ______

sperm Signup and view all the answers

There is a raised line in close association to where the sperm is ______

fertilization cone Signup and view all the answers

In 5 and 6, you begin to see a rather large space forming where the sperm made contact that continues to get wider and wider till in 9 it's made its way all the way around the egg [turned out to be ______

fertilization membrane Signup and view all the answers

As microscope techniques improved, we began to more clearly view what was happening with cortical vesicles (CV) - aka cortical granule - Several large vesicles directly underneath the plasma membrane of the egg in sea ______

urchin Signup and view all the answers

When the sperm's plasma membrane fuses with the egg's plasma membrane, the cortical vesicle fuses with the egg's plasma membrane releasing its content (exocytosis) into the ______ space

perivitelline Signup and view all the answers

Ernest Everett's pictures showed in 1 that the egg is surrounded by ______

sperm Signup and view all the answers

This is what generates the force to push the membrane further from the ______ - aka slow block to polyspermy.

egg Signup and view all the answers

After sperm fuses with the egg, its ______ and pronucleus (contains its DNA) are released into the egg.

centrioles Signup and view all the answers

The slow block to polyspermy is the formation of the ______ envelope and other changes in an egg's surface.

fertilization Signup and view all the answers

The slow block begins about ______ minute after fertilization.

1 Signup and view all the answers

Lord Rothschild measured the time needed for the ______ of polyspermy.

block Signup and view all the answers

Lord Rothschild found that there were two blocks: one that occurred in a couple ______, and one that took up to a minute.

seconds Signup and view all the answers

Rindy Jaffe was a Purdue ______ in biology.

undergraduate Signup and view all the answers

Rindy Jaffe got her PhD under ______ at UCLA.

Susumu Hagiwara Signup and view all the answers

Rindy Jaffe's paper on the fast block was part of her ______ thesis.

PhD Signup and view all the answers

Be familiar with the difference between the ______ and the fast blocks.

slow Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Slow Block to Polyspermy

The slow block begins about 1 minute after fertilization
It involves the formation of the fertilization envelope and other changes in an egg's surface that prevent fusion of the egg with more than one sperm

Fast Block to Polyspermy

Occurs within a few seconds of fertilization
Discovered by Lord Rothschild
Rindy Jaffe Experiment: a Purdue undergraduate's research on the fast block using sea urchins

Sperm Structure

Plasma membrane: first barrier of protection
Mitochondria: energy generated for power and speed of sperm; "motor"
Tail: controls movement
Nucleus: "driver" of sperm; takes up most of the cell space
Acrosomal vesicle: head of sperm; first part of sperm to interact with egg
G-actin: individual actin molecules with polarity, stored underneath the acrosomal membrane

Process of Fertilization

Initial contact: sperm's acrosomal vesicle releases enzymes to penetrate the egg
Fusion of sperm's plasma membrane with the egg's plasma membrane triggers a rise in cytosolic Ca2+
Calcium wave traverses the activating egg, triggering development

Egg Response to Fertilization

Slow polyspermy block: formation of the fertilization envelope and changes in the egg's surface
Fast polyspermy block: rapid changes in the egg's surface to prevent polyspermy
Cortical vesicles: large vesicles underneath the plasma membrane; release contents into the perivitelline space upon fertilization

Developmental Biology

Model systems: Medaka egg, Sea urchin, Frog, Chick
Hartsoeker's microscopy: examined sperm under a microscope, developed the pre-formist theory
Frog life cycle: fertilization, cleavage, blastula, gastrulation, organogenesis, histogenesis, hatching, postembryonic development

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Test your knowledge on the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, understanding the beginning components and endpoints. Learn about N. Hartsoeker, the scientist who created an early version of the microscope to study early stages of development, and his theory of Homunculus in sperm.

Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis Processes Quiz

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Questions and Answers

When does ______ happen in sea urchins? - once meiosis is completed

Response of sperm to fertilization - acrosomal ______

Responses of egg to fertilization 1) Slow polyspermy block - Sea Urchin egg - Madako egg 2) Fast polyspermy block - Sea Urchin egg - Madako egg Diagram of seas urchin sperm Plasma membrane - first barrier of ______

Mitochondria - energy generated for power and speed of sperm; ______

Nucleus - 'driver' of sperm; takes up most of the cell space (since the whole purpose of the sperm is to carry ______)

What happens when the sperm makes initial contact with the egg? - ______

N. Hartsoeker created an early version of the microscope in ______

The first spermists' theory developed by N. Hartsoeker proposed a microscopic-sized human inside each sperm called a ______

Model systems used to examine animal development include Medaka egg, Sea urchin, ______, and ______

The frog life cycle begins with egg and sperm forming a ______ through fertilization

Cells divide through a process called ______

Gastrulation leads to the formation of three distinct cell layers in a structure called ______

In ______, organs reach a state of maturity where they can start to function

There is a rapid increase in ______ Ca2+ following the fusion of the sperm membrane with the egg's membrane.

If cytosolic Ca2+ is increased by other means, in the absence of ______, many of the events of normal fertilization are initiated.

Evidence for calcium levels after fertilization comes from the paper "a free ______ wave traverses the activating egg of the medaka [Japanese rice fish]".

Geroge T. Reynold from ______ measured calcium levels shortly after fertilization occurs.

Reynold found that a wave of Ca2+ sweeps across the fertilized egg of ______, frogs, and sea urchins.

A rise in Ca2+ occurs in all ______ at fertilization.

An increase of Ca2+ is a ______ for development, but it will eventually cease since you need the DNA from the sperm to continue this process.

Ernest Everett studied sea urchin fertilization at the Marine Biological Lab in Woods Hole, MA - described the event that took place when a sea urchin egg is exposed to ______

In 2, you can see that most of the sperm have disappeared and there is only the one predominant ______

There is a raised line in close association to where the sperm is ______

In 5 and 6, you begin to see a rather large space forming where the sperm made contact that continues to get wider and wider till in 9 it's made its way all the way around the egg [turned out to be ______

As microscope techniques improved, we began to more clearly view what was happening with cortical vesicles (CV) - aka cortical granule - Several large vesicles directly underneath the plasma membrane of the egg in sea ______

When the sperm's plasma membrane fuses with the egg's plasma membrane, the cortical vesicle fuses with the egg's plasma membrane releasing its content (exocytosis) into the ______ space

Ernest Everett's pictures showed in 1 that the egg is surrounded by ______

This is what generates the force to push the membrane further from the ______ - aka slow block to polyspermy.

After sperm fuses with the egg, its ______ and pronucleus (contains its DNA) are released into the egg.

The slow block to polyspermy is the formation of the ______ envelope and other changes in an egg's surface.

The slow block begins about ______ minute after fertilization.

Lord Rothschild measured the time needed for the ______ of polyspermy.

Lord Rothschild found that there were two blocks: one that occurred in a couple ______, and one that took up to a minute.

Rindy Jaffe was a Purdue ______ in biology.

Rindy Jaffe got her PhD under ______ at UCLA.

Rindy Jaffe's paper on the fast block was part of her ______ thesis.

Be familiar with the difference between the ______ and the fast blocks.

Study Notes

Slow Block to Polyspermy

Fast Block to Polyspermy

Sperm Structure

Process of Fertilization

Egg Response to Fertilization

Developmental Biology

Studying That Suits You

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