Speech and Communication: Chapters 1 & 2

• Instructor: Dr. Nicole Magaldi
• Portions of Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 are covered.
• The lecture will review four subsystems necessary for speech and begin to review phonetics.
• First quiz is scheduled for the next week

Communication

• Communication is any method used to convey information from one person to another.
• Examples include texting, Twitter, FaceTime, smiling, waving, and raising eyebrows.
• Sign languages, such as American Sign Language or Seeing Essential English, are nonverbal linguistic communication systems.
• Speech is the most widely used means of communication.

Speech

• Speech is the expression of thoughts in spoken words and is considered oral/verbal communication.
• Speech can be divided into articulation, fluency, and voice.
• Articulation involves the motor production of speech sounds.
• Fluency is the flow of speaking, rate, and rhythm.
• Voice includes vocal quality, pitch, loudness, and resonance.
• (American Speech- Language-Hearing Association [ASHA], 1993).

Language

• Language is a socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts using arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations.
• Five linguistic parameters: phonological, morphological, syntactical, semantic, and pragmatic.

Terminology

• A communication disorder impairs the ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend verbal, nonverbal, and graphic symbol systems.
• A language disorder impairs the comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, or other symbol systems.
• A language disorder may involve phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
• A speech sound disorder is when oral communication differs from the norm and interferes with communication.
• Speech disorders divided into articulation, fluency, and voice disorders.
• Speech sound disorders affect intelligibility of speech for perception, motor production, and phonological realization of speech sounds.

Terminology

• Speech sounds are physical sound realities and the end products of articulatory motor processes.
• A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language.
• Phonemes combined create word meanings.
• Phonemes have no meaning but change meanings of words when modified.
• Example: Speech sound [s] vs. phoneme /s/.

Terminology

• Allophones are variations in phoneme realizations (allophonic variation)
• Changes occur in a phoneme produced by different speakers in differing contexts.
• Allophones do NOT change the meaning of a word.
• Example: Aspiration of /p/ at the beginning of words like "pie".

Subsystems Contributing to Speech Production

• Respiration provides the airflow or energy source.
• Phonation, using the laryngeal system, rapidly vibrates vocal folds to create sound.
• Resonance changes sounds as it moves through cavities.
• Articulation forms individual speech sounds.

Respiration

• The primary role is for vegetative purposes and is involuntary.
• The secondary role is providing air supply for speech sounds and vocal fold vibration.
• Structures involved include the lungs, airway/trachea, rib cage, intercostal muscles, and diaphragm.
• Quiet breathing equals 50% inhalation and 50% exhalation, but speech breathing equals 10% inhalation and 90% exhalation.

Phonation

• Vocal fold vibration = phonation (aka voicing)
• Not all English sounds involve vocal fold vibration
• Laryngeal System
• Larynx is also know as the voice box
• Composed of muscle and cartilage, plus hyoid bone
• Vocal folds ("vocal cords”) are contained within
• Attaches to the trachea

Phonation Anatomy

• The vocal folds area also know as Elastic tissue and composed of muscle
• Glottis is the space is between the vocal folds
• After inhalation, subglottal pressure is high.
• When pressure is great enough, the vocal folds are pushed apart
• Vocal folds come back together.
• Elasticity helps the folds come back together
• Bernoulli effect: As air rushes through the glottis at increased velocity, there is a sudden pressure drop against vocal folds, sucking them together.

Resonance

• Resonance involves the modification of sound as it passes through cavities of the vocal tract.
• The modification of sound is based on the chambers' size and shape
• The Pharyngeal cavity is the throat
• The oral and nasal cavity are also responsible for resonance

Articulation

• The articulatory system forms of individual sounds.
• The Vocal tract shapes the air escape to form consonants and vowels.
• Articulators include the lips, tongue, teeth, hard palate, alveolar ridge, and velum.
• Velum separates oral from nasal cavity
• Velum is up for all speech sounds except "m", "n", and "ng."

Phonetics

• Phonetics is the study of the production and perception of speech sounds.
• Articulatory phonetics studies how speech sounds produce with articulators.
• Articulatory phonetics categorizes/classifies the production features of speech sounds according to parameters to describe how formed.

Phonetics vs. Phonology

• They are different
• Phonology is the parameter of language concerned with categorization of speech sounds.
• Phonology involves allowable sounds/sound combinations within a language system and is an aspect of language form.

Phonology

• "hat" has 3 phonemes
• check also has also 3

IPA

• IPA stands for International Phonetic Alphabet
• IPA include chart of phonemes (consonants and vowels), diacritic, and suprasegmental features.

Phonemes

• The two broad categories of phonemes are consonant and vowels
• Consonants- closed
  • are Characterized by
  • Place- where
  • Manner- now?
  • Voicing- on or off
• Vowels- open
  • are characterized by where the tongue is in oral cavity
  • are Depicted by the vowel quadrilateral

Articulation of Vowels

• The Tongue is the primary articulator in vowel production.
• As the tongue changes position, the size and shape of the pharynx changes, thus affect resonance.
• Air passes through the oral cavity with no obstruction.
• If the tongue creates a constriction in the vocal tract, a consonant phoneme producing.

Vowel Characterization

• Vowels described using two dimensions: tongue height and tongue advancement.
  • Tongue height being how high or low in the oral cavity the tongue
  • Tongue advancement which is frontness. Which is determined by how far forward backward the tongue is when producing particular vowel.
• Secondary Characterization: Lip rounding (rounded examples "moon") and Retracted ("mean")'

Vowels

• There are 14 vowels called monophthongs, with one primary articulatory position in the vocal tract.
• There are 5 diphthongs with two distinct articulatory positions for two vowels in the diphthong however, these are one phoneme. The Onglide (first position) and Offglide (second position)

Diphthong Production

• Two distinct articulation positions: Onglide & Offglide
• The tongue always glides from lower to higher position.
• Offglides are higher than onglides

Consonants

• There are more consonants than vowels.
• 24 phonemes
• Many IPA symbols are similar to roman alphabet.
• Sounds Produced with vocal tract constrictions (differs from vowels)
• Usually involves two articulators together
• Air can pass through oral and/or nasal cavities
• Cannot stand alone and be meaningful (like a vowel)
• Obstruents vs. Sonorants is a thing
  • Obstruents: primary sound source is the noise/turbulence created at point of constriction in oral cavity, formed by articulators
  • Obstruents obstruct the airflow during their articulation (hence the name). They are non-resonant
  • Obstruents include the stop, fricative, and affricate consonants. -Sonorant consonants produce resonance throughout the vocal tract (similar to vowels). These are resonant consonants.

Consonants Terminology

• Prevocalic: Consonants occur before a vowel
• Postvocalic: Consonants occur after a vowel
• Intervocalic: Consonants occur between two vowels
  • clinically might be referred as initial, media, or final

Consonants Classifications

• Place: describes where in the vocal tract the sound produced such in bilabial, labiodental, dental/interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal.
• Manner: describes how the sound is produced such in plosive/stop, fricative, affricate, nasal, liquid, glide
• Voicing: is the presence or absence of VF vibration

Manner of Articulation

• Plosives/stops: Complete but brief interruption of the airflow
• Nasals
• Fricatives: Partial closure (constriction) of the vocal tract
• Affricates: Combination of plosives and fricatives
• Approximants: Constriction is not narrow enough to produce turbulent noise
• Glides and liquids

Stops (plosives) /p, b, t, d, k, g/

• "differs by a single feature-voicing
• There are 6 stops: /p/, /b/ are (bilabial). /t/, /d/ are (alveolar). /k/, /g/ are (velar)
• Manner- Complete obstruction of the air stream in the oral cavity
• Velopharyngeal port closed
• Durring closure, intraoral pressure increases.
• Release of construction burst of noise
• Shortest in duration
• Glottal is also considered a Stop and is voiceless
  • Closure is at the glottis
  • Considered Allophone of /t/
  • Example: "button" or "kitten”

Fricatives

• Fricatives include (f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/) -continuous and elongate -9 fricatives /f/, /v/ (labiodental) -/ θ/, /ð/ (interdental)
• /s/, /z/ (alveolar) -/ ʃ/ /ʒ/ (palatal) /h/ (glottal) constricting the air stream (never totally stopping the air) Constriction creates noise Place of articulation varies Can be voiced or voiceless

Affricates /tʃ/, /dʒ/

• A Combination of stop and fricative
• Air is stopped and sent through a narrow constriction
• Begin with a stop...
• End with a fricative
• Both have palatal place of articulation is just anterior to the alveolar ridge.

Nasals /m, n, ŋ/

• Similar to stops they completely obstruct the air flow in the oral cavity and have the same places of articulation
• Different from stops in that Allow air to flow through the nasal cavity
• Can be prolonged and All voiced with no release in the oral cavity.

Approximants

• Produced with an obstruction in the vocal tract; however, the articulators are merely approximated (not brought together)
• The constriction less then what is associated with Obstruants
• Two groups of approximants is Liquids, /w/ and /j/ and Glides, /l/ and /r/
• Similar to vowels because they have has a less severe constriction (as compared the obstruants)
• Are also Called semivowels, continuants and oral resonants and produce with a closed velum, are also called semi-vowels, continuants and oral resonants.

Glides /j and w/

• Glides involves a gliding motion from articulators
• Similar manner like Diphthong
• They are prevocalic Before a vowel

Liquids /r/, /I/

• “liquid” is not in reference to how these sounds produce so far.
• /I/ calls a later consonant that the air flows over the sides of Tongue coming from sides
• The production of retroflex /I/ involves raising up the tongue and currying it back towards the rear of alveolar ridge
• Or front the tongue lowers dueling the production of retroflex /I/. So causing tongue in body form the become hollow