Specialised Flow in Organs
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is true about the permeability of the capillary wall to proteins?

  • The capillary wall is permeable to proteins but to a lesser extent than water (correct)
  • The capillary wall is highly permeable to proteins
  • The capillary wall is equally permeable to proteins and water
  • The capillary wall is impermeable to proteins

Which of the following is the major protein responsible for generating oncotic pressure in the plasma?

  • Fibrinogen
  • Globulins
  • Albumin (correct)
  • Hemoglobin

Which of the following is true about the oncotic pressure in the capillaries and interstitium?

  • The oncotic pressure in the capillaries is lower than in the interstitium
  • The oncotic pressure in the capillaries is higher than in the interstitium (correct)
  • The oncotic pressure in the capillaries and interstitium fluctuates
  • The oncotic pressure in the capillaries and interstitium is equal

What is the main force that forces fluid out of the capillaries and into the interstitium?

<p>Hydrostatic pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate amount of water that capillaries lose to the lymphatic system per day?

<p>2-3L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main determinant of cardiac output?

<p>Venous return (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sympathetic innervation of veins affect venous return to the heart?

<p>It increases venous return (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to hydrostatic pressure when going from a supine to an upright position?

<p>It increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate effect of orthostatic (postural) hypotension?

<p>Decrease in blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lymphatic system in controlling interstitial fluid pressure?

<p>To regulate the concentration of proteins in interstitial fluids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the effect of decreased alveolar O2 on local alveolar blood flow?

<p>It decreases local alveolar blood flow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a learning outcome related to the kidney's specialized flow?

<p>To describe the factors which affect venous return and consequently determine cardiac output and blood pressure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of water in the tissue gel of the interstitium?

<p>1% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about diffusion in the interstitium?

<p>Diffusion occurs more slowly in the interstitium than in free fluid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net movement of nutrients, oxygen, and metabolic end products called?

<p>Diffusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a physiological property of the heart?

<p>Vasculature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the distribution of extracellular fluid?

<p>Bulk flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a lecture topic covered in the overview?

<p>Venous return (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the circulation of blood?

<p>It is influenced by Starling's forces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a control mechanism for blood pressure?

<p>Control of blood viscosity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between systolic and diastolic dysfunction?

<p>Systolic dysfunction is characterized by impaired cardiac contractility, while diastolic dysfunction is characterized by impaired ventricular relaxation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main determinant of cardiac output?

<p>Heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Class II heart failure according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification?

<p>No limitation of physical activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of afterload?

<p>Ventricular wall tension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a compensatory mechanism in heart failure?

<p>Vasodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main influence on myocardial contractility?

<p>Increased calcium levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of excessive afterload on ventricular ejection?

<p>It may impair ventricular ejection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the lymphatic system in controlling interstitial fluid pressure?

<p>To remove excess fluid from the interstitium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of heart failure based on ejection fraction?

<p>Systolic vs. diastolic dysfunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main influence on L-type channels opening, facilitating calcium entry into cardiac muscle cells?

<p>cAMP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a broad category of events from which dysrhythmias (arrhythmias) arise?

<p>Heart block (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dysrhythmia is associated with the AV node?

<p>Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart has the fastest inherent rate of pacemaker activity?

<p>SAN (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common type of tachyarrhythmia?

<p>Sustained ventricular arrhythmias (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a classification of dysrhythmias (arrhythmias)?

<p>Atrioventricular (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of dysrhythmias (arrhythmias)?

<p>Changes in the blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the conducting system is responsible for the electrical conduction between the atria and ventricles?

<p>Bundle of His (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of First Degree Heart Block?

<p>Abnormally long P-R interval (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subtype of Second Degree Heart Block is characterized by a progressive lengthening of the P-R interval until a P wave fails to produce a QRS complex?

<p>Wenckebach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in Third Degree Heart Block?

<p>AV node is completely blocked and no electrical activity from the atria reaches the ventricles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause cells in the heart to develop pacemaker activity?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe when an electrical impulse can re-stimulate a region of the heart after its refractory period has passed?

<p>Circus Re-entry Movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the Vaughn-Williams Classification for anti-dysrhythmic drugs?

<p>Class IV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome?

<p>Short PR interval (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for Class II anti-dysrhythmic drugs?

<p>Block b-adrenergic receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for Class III anti-dysrhythmic drugs?

<p>Prolong action potential repolarization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for Class IV anti-dysrhythmic drugs?

<p>Block Ca2+ channels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome?

<p>Blockage of fast sodium channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the Vaughn-Williams Classification for anti-dysrhythmic drugs?

<p>Class II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for Class Ia anti-dysrhythmic drugs?

<p>Block fast sodium channels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible mechanism of primary hypertension?

<p>Sympathetic system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible mechanism of primary hypertension?

<p>Genetics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible mechanism of secondary hypertension?

<p>Circulating factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible mechanism of secondary hypertension?

<p>Genetics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of hypertension?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is hypertension treated?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for systemic arterial hypertension?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of systemic arterial hypertension?

<p>Systolic &gt; 140 mmHg and/or Diastolic &gt; 90mmHg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary causal risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

<p>Hypertension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible contributor to systemic hypertension?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main determinant of blood pressure in the long term?

<p>Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of low renin hypertension?

<p>Unknown (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible contributor to systemic hypertension?

<p>Genetics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictor?

<p>Endothelin-1 (ET-1) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a direct effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1) on the cardiovascular system?

<p>Production of nitric oxide causing vasodilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a circulating factor associated with systemic hypertension?

<p>Renin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of secondary hypertension?

<p>Essential hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of systemic hypertension?

<p>Increased nitric oxide production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate reduction in blood pressure associated with a 10/5 mmHg reduction in BP according to meta-analyses of large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs)?

<p>15% reduction in all-cause mortality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most correct definition of secondary hypertension?

<p>Hypertension caused by identifiable underlying causes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action for Class IV anti-dysrhythmic drugs?

<p>Blockade of calcium channels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of systemic arterial hypertension?

<p>Elevated blood pressure in the arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible mechanism of primary hypertension?

<p>Increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of heart failure based on ejection fraction?

<p>Diastolic heart failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for systemic arterial hypertension?

<p>Obesity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome?

<p>Normal sinus rhythm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of low renin hypertension?

<p>Decreased renin production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the effect of decreased alveolar O2 on local alveolar blood flow?

<p>Decreased alveolar O2 increases local alveolar blood flow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of excessive afterload on ventricular ejection?

<p>Decreased ventricular ejection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main determinant of blood pressure in the long term?

<p>Peripheral resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the electrical conduction pathways in cardiac muscle?

<p>The depolarization spreads from the sinoatrial node to the atria and then to the ventricles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a focus of this lecture on cardiac action potentials?

<p>Observing the electrical activity in an individual fiber (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves in the heart?

<p>To increase heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the spread of electrical activity throughout the heart be measured non-invasively?

<p>By means of the ECG (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the shape and features of the ECG?

<p>They can be measured non-invasively by means of the ECG. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main determinant of cardiac output?

<p>Stroke volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the spread of electrical activity in the heart?

<p>It is coordinated and starts from the sinoatrial node. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the ECG?

<p>To measure the spread of electrical activity throughout the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a physiological property of the heart?

<p>Microcirculation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of sympathetic innervation of veins on venous return to the heart?

<p>It increases venous return. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors affects resistance to blood flow?

<p>Vessel diameter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main determinant of arterial pressure?

<p>Total peripheral resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Reynolds number used for in fluid flow?

<p>To indicate whether flow is laminar or turbulent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is likely to result in turbulent flow?

<p>High velocity flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of water in the tissue gel of the interstitium?

<p>90% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of turbulence in blood flow?

<p>Healthy vessel wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of sympathetic innervation of veins on venous return to the heart?

<p>Increases venous return (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of afterload?

<p>Arterial pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main determinant of blood pressure in the long term?

<p>Total peripheral resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary causal risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

<p>Hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to LaPlace's Law, the tension (T) in the vessel wall is proportional to the distending pressure (P) and the radius (R) of the vessel. Which of the following equations represents LaPlace's Law correctly?

<p>T = PR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a practical consequence of LaPlace's Law?

<p>Thin walls essential for exchange processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a site of tissue blood flow regulation?

<p>Aorta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for regulating tissue blood flow?

<p>Vasomotion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of active hyperemia?

<p>Increase in flow when blood supply is blocked (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of reactive hyperemia?

<p>Increase in flow for a few seconds to hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a short-term mechanism for regulating local blood flow?

<p>Vasodilator theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a long-term mechanism for regulating local blood flow?

<p>↑ adenosine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of capillary flow and pressure?

<p>Large cross-sectional area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true about the regulation of arteriolar radius?

<p>Links arterioles to venules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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