110 Questions
Which of the following is true about the permeability of the capillary wall to proteins?
The capillary wall is permeable to proteins but to a lesser extent than water
Which of the following is the major protein responsible for generating oncotic pressure in the plasma?
Albumin
Which of the following is true about the oncotic pressure in the capillaries and interstitium?
The oncotic pressure in the capillaries is higher than in the interstitium
What is the main force that forces fluid out of the capillaries and into the interstitium?
Hydrostatic pressure
What is the approximate amount of water that capillaries lose to the lymphatic system per day?
2-3L
What is the main determinant of cardiac output?
Venous return
How does sympathetic innervation of veins affect venous return to the heart?
It increases venous return
What happens to hydrostatic pressure when going from a supine to an upright position?
It increases
What is the immediate effect of orthostatic (postural) hypotension?
Decrease in blood pressure
What is the function of the lymphatic system in controlling interstitial fluid pressure?
To regulate the concentration of proteins in interstitial fluids
Which of the following is true about the effect of decreased alveolar O2 on local alveolar blood flow?
It decreases local alveolar blood flow.
Which of the following is NOT a learning outcome related to the kidney's specialized flow?
To describe the factors which affect venous return and consequently determine cardiac output and blood pressure.
What is the approximate percentage of water in the tissue gel of the interstitium?
1%
Which of the following is true about diffusion in the interstitium?
Diffusion occurs more slowly in the interstitium than in free fluid.
What is the net movement of nutrients, oxygen, and metabolic end products called?
Diffusion
Which of the following is NOT a physiological property of the heart?
Vasculature
What is the term used to describe the distribution of extracellular fluid?
Bulk flow
Which of the following is NOT a lecture topic covered in the overview?
Venous return
Which of the following is true about the circulation of blood?
It is influenced by Starling's forces.
Which of the following is NOT a control mechanism for blood pressure?
Control of blood viscosity
What is the main difference between systolic and diastolic dysfunction?
Systolic dysfunction is characterized by impaired cardiac contractility, while diastolic dysfunction is characterized by impaired ventricular relaxation
What is the main determinant of cardiac output?
Heart rate
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Class II heart failure according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification?
No limitation of physical activity
What is the main component of afterload?
Ventricular wall tension
Which of the following is NOT a compensatory mechanism in heart failure?
Vasodilation
What is the main influence on myocardial contractility?
Increased calcium levels
What is the main effect of excessive afterload on ventricular ejection?
It may impair ventricular ejection
What is the main function of the lymphatic system in controlling interstitial fluid pressure?
To remove excess fluid from the interstitium
What is the classification of heart failure based on ejection fraction?
Systolic vs. diastolic dysfunction
What is the main influence on L-type channels opening, facilitating calcium entry into cardiac muscle cells?
cAMP
Which of the following is a broad category of events from which dysrhythmias (arrhythmias) arise?
Heart block
Which type of dysrhythmia is associated with the AV node?
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)
Which part of the heart has the fastest inherent rate of pacemaker activity?
SAN
Which of the following is NOT a common type of tachyarrhythmia?
Sustained ventricular arrhythmias
Which of the following is NOT a classification of dysrhythmias (arrhythmias)?
Atrioventricular
Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of dysrhythmias (arrhythmias)?
Changes in the blood pressure
Which part of the conducting system is responsible for the electrical conduction between the atria and ventricles?
Bundle of His
What is the characteristic feature of First Degree Heart Block?
Abnormally long P-R interval
Which subtype of Second Degree Heart Block is characterized by a progressive lengthening of the P-R interval until a P wave fails to produce a QRS complex?
Wenckebach
What happens in Third Degree Heart Block?
AV node is completely blocked and no electrical activity from the atria reaches the ventricles
What can cause cells in the heart to develop pacemaker activity?
All of the above
What is the term used to describe when an electrical impulse can re-stimulate a region of the heart after its refractory period has passed?
Circus Re-entry Movements
Which of the following is NOT a part of the Vaughn-Williams Classification for anti-dysrhythmic drugs?
Class IV
What is the main characteristic of Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome?
Short PR interval
What is the primary mechanism of action for Class II anti-dysrhythmic drugs?
Block b-adrenergic receptors
What is the primary mechanism of action for Class III anti-dysrhythmic drugs?
Prolong action potential repolarization
What is the primary mechanism of action for Class IV anti-dysrhythmic drugs?
Block Ca2+ channels
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome?
Blockage of fast sodium channels
Which of the following is NOT a part of the Vaughn-Williams Classification for anti-dysrhythmic drugs?
Class II
What is the primary mechanism of action for Class Ia anti-dysrhythmic drugs?
Block fast sodium channels
Which of the following is a possible mechanism of primary hypertension?
Sympathetic system
Which of the following is NOT a possible mechanism of primary hypertension?
Genetics
Which of the following is a possible mechanism of secondary hypertension?
Circulating factors
Which of the following is NOT a possible mechanism of secondary hypertension?
Genetics
What are the consequences of hypertension?
All of the above
How is hypertension treated?
All of the above
Which of the following is a risk factor for systemic arterial hypertension?
All of the above
What is the definition of systemic arterial hypertension?
Systolic > 140 mmHg and/or Diastolic > 90mmHg
What is the primary causal risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
Hypertension
Which of the following is a possible contributor to systemic hypertension?
All of the above
What is the main determinant of blood pressure in the long term?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
What is the primary mechanism of low renin hypertension?
Unknown
Which of the following is NOT a possible contributor to systemic hypertension?
Genetics
Which of the following is the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictor?
Endothelin-1 (ET-1)
Which of the following is NOT a direct effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1) on the cardiovascular system?
Production of nitric oxide causing vasodilation
Which of the following is NOT a circulating factor associated with systemic hypertension?
Renin
Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of secondary hypertension?
Essential hypertension
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of systemic hypertension?
Increased nitric oxide production
What is the approximate reduction in blood pressure associated with a 10/5 mmHg reduction in BP according to meta-analyses of large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs)?
15% reduction in all-cause mortality
What is the most correct definition of secondary hypertension?
Hypertension caused by identifiable underlying causes
Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action for Class IV anti-dysrhythmic drugs?
Blockade of calcium channels
What is the definition of systemic arterial hypertension?
Elevated blood pressure in the arteries
Which of the following is NOT a possible mechanism of primary hypertension?
Increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity
What is the classification of heart failure based on ejection fraction?
Diastolic heart failure
Which of the following is a risk factor for systemic arterial hypertension?
Obesity
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome?
Normal sinus rhythm
What is the primary mechanism of low renin hypertension?
Decreased renin production
Which of the following is true about the effect of decreased alveolar O2 on local alveolar blood flow?
Decreased alveolar O2 increases local alveolar blood flow
What is the main effect of excessive afterload on ventricular ejection?
Decreased ventricular ejection
What is the main determinant of blood pressure in the long term?
Peripheral resistance
Which of the following is true about the electrical conduction pathways in cardiac muscle?
The depolarization spreads from the sinoatrial node to the atria and then to the ventricles.
Which of the following is NOT a focus of this lecture on cardiac action potentials?
Observing the electrical activity in an individual fiber
What is the main role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves in the heart?
To increase heart rate
How can the spread of electrical activity throughout the heart be measured non-invasively?
By means of the ECG
Which of the following is true about the shape and features of the ECG?
They can be measured non-invasively by means of the ECG.
What is the main determinant of cardiac output?
Stroke volume
Which of the following is true about the spread of electrical activity in the heart?
It is coordinated and starts from the sinoatrial node.
What is the main function of the ECG?
To measure the spread of electrical activity throughout the heart
Which of the following is NOT a physiological property of the heart?
Microcirculation
What is the main effect of sympathetic innervation of veins on venous return to the heart?
It increases venous return.
Which of the following factors affects resistance to blood flow?
Vessel diameter
What is the main determinant of arterial pressure?
Total peripheral resistance
What is the Reynolds number used for in fluid flow?
To indicate whether flow is laminar or turbulent
Which of the following is likely to result in turbulent flow?
High velocity flow
What is the approximate percentage of water in the tissue gel of the interstitium?
90%
Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of turbulence in blood flow?
Healthy vessel wall
What is the main effect of sympathetic innervation of veins on venous return to the heart?
Increases venous return
What is the main component of afterload?
Arterial pressure
What is the main determinant of blood pressure in the long term?
Total peripheral resistance
What is the primary causal risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
Hypertension
According to LaPlace's Law, the tension (T) in the vessel wall is proportional to the distending pressure (P) and the radius (R) of the vessel. Which of the following equations represents LaPlace's Law correctly?
T = PR
Which of the following is NOT a practical consequence of LaPlace's Law?
Thin walls essential for exchange processes
Which of the following is NOT a site of tissue blood flow regulation?
Aorta
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for regulating tissue blood flow?
Vasomotion
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of active hyperemia?
Increase in flow when blood supply is blocked
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of reactive hyperemia?
Increase in flow for a few seconds to hours
Which of the following is NOT a short-term mechanism for regulating local blood flow?
Vasodilator theory
Which of the following is NOT a long-term mechanism for regulating local blood flow?
↑ adenosine
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of capillary flow and pressure?
Large cross-sectional area
Which of the following is NOT true about the regulation of arteriolar radius?
Links arterioles to venules
Test your knowledge on specialised flow in different organs such as the skin, lungs, and kidneys. Learn about the impact of decreased alveolar oxygen on local blood flow in the lungs and the major routes across capillary membranes in the kidneys. Understand how Starling's forces contribute to fluid and solute movement.
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