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Questions and Answers
Define systolic dysfunction and diastolic dysfunction in the context of heart failure.
Define systolic dysfunction and diastolic dysfunction in the context of heart failure.
Systolic dysfunction refers to impaired cardiac contractility leading to a decreased ejection fraction. Diastolic dysfunction refers to impaired ventricular relaxation leading to decreased filling and increased ventricular pressure.
What are the main components of afterload?
What are the main components of afterload?
The main components of afterload are vascular resistance and ventricular wall tension.
How does excessive afterload affect ventricular ejection and wall tension?
How does excessive afterload affect ventricular ejection and wall tension?
Excessive afterload may impair ventricular ejection and increase wall tension.
What is the formula for cardiac output?
What is the formula for cardiac output?
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What determines pre-load?
What determines pre-load?
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How does increased myocardial contractility affect cardiac output?
How does increased myocardial contractility affect cardiac output?
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What are the factors that influence myocardial contractility?
What are the factors that influence myocardial contractility?
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What is the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification of heart failure?
What is the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification of heart failure?
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Describe Class II heart failure according to the NYHA classification.
Describe Class II heart failure according to the NYHA classification.
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Differentiate between systolic and diastolic dysfunction based on ejection fraction.
Differentiate between systolic and diastolic dysfunction based on ejection fraction.
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What is the role of the capillary wall in regulating the movement of proteins and solutes?
What is the role of the capillary wall in regulating the movement of proteins and solutes?
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What is the oncotic pressure and how is it generated?
What is the oncotic pressure and how is it generated?
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What is the role of hydrostatic pressure in capillary fluid dynamics?
What is the role of hydrostatic pressure in capillary fluid dynamics?
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What is the role of the lymphatic system in controlling interstitial fluid?
What is the role of the lymphatic system in controlling interstitial fluid?
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What factors affect venous return and why is it important for cardiac output?
What factors affect venous return and why is it important for cardiac output?
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Explain the effect of decreased alveolar O2 on local alveolar blood flow in the lungs. What is the opposite effect observed in systemic vessels? What is the mediator responsible for this effect?
Explain the effect of decreased alveolar O2 on local alveolar blood flow in the lungs. What is the opposite effect observed in systemic vessels? What is the mediator responsible for this effect?
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What are the major routes across capillary membranes for fluids, solutes, and larger molecules/proteins? Explain how Starling's forces contribute to fluid homeostasis and the net transcapillary movement of water across capillary beds.
What are the major routes across capillary membranes for fluids, solutes, and larger molecules/proteins? Explain how Starling's forces contribute to fluid homeostasis and the net transcapillary movement of water across capillary beds.
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What factors affect venous return and consequently determine cardiac output and blood pressure?
What factors affect venous return and consequently determine cardiac output and blood pressure?
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What is the role of the lymphatic system in fluid homeostasis and the movement of water across capillary beds?
What is the role of the lymphatic system in fluid homeostasis and the movement of water across capillary beds?
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Describe the process of capillary diffusion and its significance in nutrient and gas exchange.
Describe the process of capillary diffusion and its significance in nutrient and gas exchange.
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