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Questions and Answers
Which rebellion against Spanish rule occurred over several decades and is notable for its long duration?
Who was responsible for establishing the first permanent Spanish settlement in the Philippines?
What significant religious change occurred during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines?
Which system was established to govern the Philippines under Spanish rule that involved local elite?
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What trade route connected the Philippines with Mexico from 1565 to 1815?
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Which event marked the formal end of Spanish sovereignty over the Philippines?
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Which cultural influence is primarily attributed to the Spanish colonization?
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What was a consequence of the socio-political structure established during Spanish colonization?
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What was a significant architectural contribution of Spanish missionaries in the Philippines?
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What was the primary impact of the American public school system introduced in the Philippines?
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What democratic change was introduced in the Philippines during the American colonization?
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Which American cultural influence was notably adopted in the Philippines?
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What significant shift occurred in religious practices during American colonization?
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Which architectural style was influenced by American colonization in the Philippines?
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In what way did American colonization influence Filipino literature?
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What social change was observed as a result of American influence in the Philippines?
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What legacy did the American educational system leave in the Philippines?
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How did American consumer culture affect Filipino society?
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What was a key outcome of the establishment of the Philippine Assembly in 1907?
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Study Notes
Spanish Colonization
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Arrival of the Spanish (1565)
- Miguel López de Legazpi established the first permanent Spanish settlement in Cebu.
- Ferdinand Magellan's expedition (1521) was the first European contact with the Philippines.
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Colonial Administration
- The Philippines was governed as a colony of Spain, administered through a system of encomiendas.
- The Spanish established Manila as the capital in 1571, turning it into a major trade hub.
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Religious Influence
- Spread of Catholicism; missionaries played a crucial role in conversion efforts.
- Establishment of parishes and construction of churches; significant architectural legacy.
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Economy
- Focus on agriculture, mining, and trade; introduction of cash crops (e.g., sugar, tobacco).
- The Galleon Trade (1565-1815) connected the Philippines with Mexico and facilitated trans-Pacific trade.
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Socio-Political Structure
- Introduction of a feudal-like system; Spanish officials and local elite (principalia) ran local governance.
- Indigenous populations often faced forced labor and tribute systems.
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Resistance and Revolts
- Various uprisings against Spanish rule, notably the Dagohoy Rebellion (1744-1829) and the Philippine Revolution (1896).
- Nationalist sentiments grew, fueled by socio-economic disparities and cultural repression.
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Cultural Impact
- The fusion of Filipino and Spanish culture, seen in language (Spanish loanwords), cuisine, and traditions.
- Development of unique Filipino identity amidst colonial rule.
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End of Spanish Rule
- The Spanish-American War (1898) led to the cession of the Philippines to the United States.
- The Treaty of Paris (1898) formally ended Spanish sovereignty over the Philippines.
Arrival of the Spanish
- Miguel López de Legazpi founded the first permanent Spanish settlement in Cebu in 1565.
- Ferdinand Magellan's expedition in 1521 marked the first European contact with the Philippines.
Colonial Administration
- The Philippines was governed as a Spanish colony through a system of encomiendas.
- Manila was established as the capital in 1571, evolving into a significant trade center in Asia.
Religious Influence
- Catholicism spread extensively due to the efforts of missionaries who played a key role in conversions.
- Churches and parishes were established, contributing to a lasting architectural impact throughout the islands.
Economy
- The colonial economy focused on agriculture, mining, and trade, introducing cash crops such as sugar and tobacco.
- The Galleon Trade, active from 1565 to 1815, linked the Philippines with Mexico and enabled trans-Pacific commerce.
Socio-Political Structure
- A feudal-like system was introduced, with Spanish officials and local elites (principalia) overseeing governance.
- Indigenous populations encountered forced labor and were subjected to tribute systems.
Resistance and Revolts
- Numerous uprisings occurred against Spanish authority, including the Dagohoy Rebellion (1744-1829) and the Philippine Revolution (1896).
- Nationalist feelings intensified, driven by economic inequalities and cultural oppression.
Cultural Impact
- A blend of Filipino and Spanish cultures emerged, visible in language with Spanish loanwords, as well as in cuisine and traditions.
- A distinct Filipino identity developed during the colonial era despite foreign domination.
End of Spanish Rule
- The Spanish-American War in 1898 resulted in the transfer of the Philippines from Spanish to American control.
- The Treaty of Paris, signed in 1898, officially concluded Spanish sovereignty over the Philippines.
Context of Colonization
- Philippines became a U.S. territory following the Spanish-American War in 1898.
- Treaty of Paris (1898) transferred control of the Philippines to the United States for $20 million.
Education System
- American public school system introduced to the Philippines.
- English adopted as the primary medium of instruction, significantly boosting literacy rates.
- Establishment of universities and professional schools reshaped higher education dynamics.
Political and Governance Changes
- Introduction of a democratic governance framework, including local administration.
- Civic engagement encouraged, leading to increased political participation by Filipinos.
- Philippine Assembly formed in 1907, allowing limited self-governance.
Cultural Exchange
- American cultural practices integrated with Filipino traditions, fostering a unique cultural blend.
- Popularity of American literature, music, and sports, particularly basketball.
- Celebration of American holidays, including Independence Day, became normalized.
Religious Impact
- Rise of Protestantism occurred alongside Catholicism, impacting religious landscape.
- Various Protestant groups established churches and engaged in missionary work.
Art and Architecture
- American architectural styles introduced, influencing urban planning and aesthetics.
- Development of public buildings and parks following the Beaux-Arts architectural style.
- Filipino artists began incorporating American themes and styles into their works.
Language and Literature
- Emergence of Filipino writers using English, broadening literary expression and creativity.
- Development of a national literature reflecting both Filipino and American cultural experiences.
Social Changes
- Increased urbanization and mobility altered social dynamics and community structures.
- Emergence of a middle class influenced by American consumer culture.
- Shifts in gender roles facilitated greater emphasis on women's education and rights.
Legacy of Influence
- Enduring impacts of American educational and political systems remain evident.
- Continued cultural exchanges contribute to the formation of a distinctive Filipino-American identity.
- Mixed perceptions of colonial legacy, balancing positive advancements against negative historical contexts.
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Description
Explore the key events and impacts of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, from the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi in 1565 to the establishment of Manila as a trade hub. Learn about the religious, economic, and socio-political changes that shaped the archipelago during this period.
