Philippine History: Spanish Colonization

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What were the reasons for the failure of the expeditions?

Financial problems (correct)

Lack of resources and manpower (correct)

Lack of interest in spices

Strong resistance from native Filipinos

What are the aims of the Villalobos expedition?

To establish a permanent settlement in the islands (correct)

To observe the lives and civilization of the natives (correct)

To spread Christianity (correct)

To trade with the natives (correct)

Who is the first Governor-General in the Philippines?

Garcia Jofre de Loisa

Sebastian Cabot

Ruy Lopez de Villalobos

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (correct)

What was the name given to the Philippines by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos?

Las Islas Filipinas Signup and view all the answers

The Legazpi Expedition successfully conquered Manila in their first attempt.

False Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Legazpi establish the first permanent Spanish settlement in Cebu?

1565 Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the oldest city in the Philippines?

Cebu Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Cabeza de Barangay?

To collect tributes from the community Signup and view all the answers

What was the Encomienda System?

A system of land ownership where the Spanish granted land to individuals Signup and view all the answers

What type of government did the Spanish establish in the Philippines?

Unitary government Signup and view all the answers

Who was the longest-serving Spanish Governor-General in the Philippines?

Rafael Maria de la Torre Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason why the Spanish were successful in colonizing the Philippines?

Unwavering cultural unity among the Filipinos Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the oldest university in the Philippines established by the Dominican order?

University of Santo Tomas Signup and view all the answers

The Spanish colonial government prioritized educating native Filipinos over Spanish children.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Spanish colonial government used religion as a tool for subjugation.

True Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Philippine History: Spanish Colonization

Course: GEED 02: Readings in Philippine History
Presenter: Angelu Jane I. Galicia
Topic: The Succeeding Expeditions and The Filipino Society under Spanish Colonization

Lesson Objectives

Students should discuss the Spanish expeditions.
Students should critique strategies used to conquer the country.
Students should describe the political, economic, and social-cultural changes brought about by Spanish colonization.
Students should evaluate the importance of education and the concepts of social justice, compassion, and freedom.

Failed Expeditions

Garcia Jofre de Loisa (1525)
Sebastian Cabot (1526)
Alvaro de Saavedra (1527)
Cause of Failure: Financial problems
Zaragosa Agreement (1529): King Charles I ceded rights to the Moluccas to Portugal.

Villalobos Expedition (1542)

Aims: Establish a permanent settlement in the islands, spread Christianity, trade with natives, and observe native culture.
Explorers: Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
Significant Event: Claimed the islands as "Las Islas Filipinas."
Outcomes: Mixed success, did not establish a permanent settlement

Legazpi Expedition (1564)

Aims: Establish a permanent settlement in the Philippines for spice trade.
Leader: Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Date: February 13, 1565
Actions: Expedition reached Cebu, sailed to Bohol, interaction with Rajah Sikatuna and Raja Sigala, and established the first permanent Spanish settlement in Cebu, named "Santisimo Nombre de Jesus."
Other Important Participants: Fray Andres de Urdaneta (priest)

Legazpi Expedition (Manila)

Leader: Martin de Goiti
Event: Established the kingdom of Manila (Kota Seludong).
Significant Interaction: Rajah Sulayman
Appointment of Manila Capital (1571): Legazpi appointed Manila as the capital, also named "Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad.”

Treaty with the Maharlikas

Conditions: Maharlikas maintained status, Spanish recognized rights, exempted from Polo y Servicios, retained properties and land, Datus received monthly salaries.

Policies Under Spanish Colonization

Polo Y Servicio: Forced labor for 16-60 year-old males. Exemptions could be purchased.
Encomienda System: Land ownership system where land was given to loyal friends of the Spanish King or those who contributed to Filipino colonization.
Types of Encomienda:
Royal - for the King's loyal friends
Privado - for people who helped with colonization
Eclesiastical - for the church
Centralized Government (1800): King > Viceroy > Governor-General > Encomendero
Hacienda System: Replaced the Encomienda system during the 1800s
Reduccion: Resettlement program that united Filipinos under one government and faith. Reduced number of settlements for better control. This led to the establishment of major cities.
Capital establishment: Major city/colonial center

### Spanish Government Structures

Barangay: Local government structure under the Spanish. Headed by Datus (Cabeza de Barangay). Each Barangay had a limited number of families approximately 40-45.
Pueblo (or Towns): Led by a gobernadorcillo assisted by lower officials like teniente mayor, juez de policia, juez de sementeras, and juez de ganados.
Alcaldía (or Province): Highest-ranking official (Alcalde Mayor) responsible for province administration, serving as governor and judge.
Governor-General: Head of the Philippine government. Responsible for enacting laws and having executive, judicial, and military power. Appointed by the Spanish Viceroy in Mexico.
Council of Indies: Advisory body which controlled the colonial policy. Spanish Indirect Rule. The Viceroy appointed the Governor-General. A payment was required for officials to be appointed.

Suffrage

Requirements: Male, 23 years or older, with a payment of 500 reales tax per year to vote.

Other Spanish Colonization Policies

Tributo: Forced giving of products by Filipinos to the Spanish.
Bandala: Forced purchase/acquisition of goods at set prices.
Cedula: A certification that had to be carried containing identification and residence tax information.
Social Classes: Hierarchical, based on caste and race.
Peninsulares(Spanish born in Spain) were at the top.
Insulares (Spanish-born in the Philippines) slightly lower
Creoles(people of Spanish descent)
Illustrados
Native Filipinos who were educated and gained some power.
Indio (native Filipino peoples)
Sanleys

Notable Spanish Governor-Generals

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi: First Governor-General of the Philippines
Rafael Maria dela Torre: Longest-serving Governor-General (13 years)
Carlos Maria dela Torre: Liked and known for his liberal leadership
Rafael de Izquierdo: Most hated Governor-General,
Ramon Blanco: Declared martial law in 8 provinces
Camilo de Polavieja: Responsible for Rizal execution

Other Personalities

Narciso Claveria: Introduced the use of Spanish surnames.
Sultan Kudarat: Prominent leader of Mindanao during Spanish occupation.

Education

Friar control: The friars controlled the education system, which focused on religion.
Religion-based curriculum: Focused on religious education.
Separate schools for women: Schools for women were established.
Universities: The Dominican Order established the oldest Philippine university (University of Sto. Tomas) (1611)
Other Institutions: Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1630), Escuela Pia (1817), Ateneo de Manila.
Later opened to natives: In 1863, the government allowed universities to be open to natives.

Overall Impact

Education policies enforced religion to control the minds of the Filipino people, also contributing to subjugation of Filipinos.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Explore significant events and figures during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines through this quiz. Discuss pivotal expeditions, analyze their impacts on Filipino society, and evaluate the broader political, economic, and cultural changes that ensued. This quiz aims to deepen your understanding of the country's colonial heritage.