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Questions and Answers
What was one of the primary economic motivations for the Spanish colonization of the Philippines?
Which event was associated with religious motivations for the Spanish colonization of the Philippines?
What role did the Treaty of Tordesillas play in the colonization efforts?
Which navigational instrument was NOT mentioned as significant during the Spanish explorations?
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Which individual is credited with giving the islands the name 'Las Phelipinas'?
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What was a consequence of the Age of Renaissance in relation to exploration?
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What technological advancement did NOT contribute to navigation during the period of Spanish exploration?
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Which factor was NOT explicitly mentioned as a driving force for Spanish colonization?
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What did King Philip II decide to do regarding the Moluccas?
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Who was the first governor-general of the Philippines?
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What significant event took place between Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and Chief Sikatuna in Bohol?
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What title was bestowed upon Manila by Spain on June 21, 1574?
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What is the meaning of the term 'reduccion' in the context of Spanish colonization?
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Which system allowed the Spanish crown to control specific lands and their inhabitants?
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What did the Synod of Manila establish under the first bishop of Manila?
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What does the term 'plaza complex' refer to in the context of Spanish settlement patterns?
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What was the primary purpose of the 'Donativo de Zamboanga' tax?
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Which of the following was an obligation of 'polistas' under the Polo y Servicios system?
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What characterized the 'cedula personal' tax?
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Which factor was crucial in the subjugation of Filipinos during Spanish colonization?
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What was one of the socio-cultural effects of Spanish colonization on Filipinos?
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Which educational reform was associated with Spanish colonization?
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What was the primary effect of the imposition of various taxes during Spanish colonization?
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What role did 'Reduccion and plaza complex' play in the Spanish colonization process?
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Study Notes
Factors Contributing to Spanish Colonization
- Economic Drivers: - The desire for spices, particularly those from the East Indies, fueled European exploration
- The development of banking and the accumulation of capital in Europe provided financial resources for voyages
- The search for new trade routes, avoiding existing Muslim control in the Mediterranean
Political & Religious Motivations
- Reconquista: - Spain's centuries-long campaign to expel Islamic forces from the Iberian Peninsula motivated religious fervor
- Crusades: - The historical Crusades (1096-1272) aimed to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims
- Treaty of Tordesillas: (1494) - Divided newly discovered lands between Portugal (east) and Spain (west)
- Fall of Constantinople: (1453) - Fueled fears among Europeans about a Muslim threat to Christendom, spurring exploration
Scientific Advancements
- Renaissance: - A period of scientific, artistic, and intellectual revival that emphasized secular pursuits over pure religious doctrine
- Technological Advancements: - The invention and improvement of navigational tools such as the compass, astrolabe, portolani, quadrant, and sextant facilitated exploration.
Early Voyages
- Early voyages: - Spanish and Portuguese exploration reached
- Cape Blanco, Africa (Antonio Gonzalvez)
- Cape Verde Islands (Dennis Fernandez)
- Cape of Good Hope (Bartholomew Diaz)
- America (Christopher Columbus)
- Calicut, India (Vasco de Gama)
- Pacific Ocean (Balboa)
The Philippines Becomes a Spanish Colony
- Ruy de Villalobos: Named the islands "Las Phelipinas" in honor of the Spanish crown prince, Philip II
- King Philip II: - Decided to relinquish Spanish claims to the Moluccas (Spice Islands) to Portugal and instead focus on colonizing the Philippines
- Miguel Lopez de Legazpi: - Led the expedition organized in Mexico, the Spanish viceroyalty, to colonize the Philippines
Initial Encounters & Establishment of Settlements
- February 14, 1565: The expedition landed in Samar and the Visayas region
- Blood Compact: - Legazpi performed a blood compact with Chief Sikatuna in Bohol, symbolizing friendship and alliance
- First Governor-General: - Legazpi became the first governor-general of the Philippines
- April 27, 1565: - Legazpi arrived in Cebu, defeating Cebuano forces and establishing a settlement called "Nombre de Jesus," named after a wooden image of the Holy Child.
- Transfer to Panay: - Due to food shortages, the settlement was transferred to the nearby island of Panay
- Exploration of Luzon: - Master-of-camp Martin de Goiti was sent to explore the north, discovering the port of Maynilad (Manila).
The Rise of Manila
- Maynilad: - Goiti negotiated with Raja Soliman, the Muslim chief of Maynilad, establishing peace.
- Legazpi's Arrival: - Legazpi transferred the capital of the colony to Maynilad in 1571.
- Conquest of Manila: - After negotiations with Raja Matanda and Lakandula, the Spanish conquistadors conquered Manila.
- "Muy Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad": - Manila was granted the title of "Eminent and Ever Loyal City" on June 21, 1574, by Spain.
- Synod of Manila: - The first assembly of the bishop and his advisors, composed of religious and diocesan clergy, was established under Dominican Fr. Domingo de Salazar, the first bishop of Manila.
Spanish Colonial Policies & Practices
- Reduccion: - A policy of forced resettlement of native populations into new settlements under Spanish control, centered around a church. This aimed to control indigenous populations and Christianize them.
- Plaza complex: - A new settlement pattern designed to control and assimilate Filipinos through Christian indoctrination.
- Encomienda System: - A grant of land and its inhabitants by the Spanish crown to a Spaniard, granting them control over a specific area and its people.
- Tributo: - A personal tax imposed on natives through royal decrees, considered a form of vassalage to the King of Spain.
- Diezmos prediales: - A tax consisting of one-tenth of the land's agricultural produce.
- Donativo de Zamboanga: - A special tax to fund efforts to suppress Moro pirate attacks.
- Vinta: - A tax paid by people in Luzon to finance Spanish defenses against Muslim pirates.
- Cedula personal: - A tax based on a person's race and social status, similar in purpose to the tribute.
- Polo y servicios: - A system of forced labor that required Filipino and Chinese mestizo males aged 16-60 to provide 40 days of service to the Spanish government, working on infrastructure, shipbuilding, and other projects. Exemptions existed for native elites, those who could pay a "falla" tax, and people with disabilities.
Causes of Filipino Subjugation
- Military superiority: - The Spanish possessed powerful military technology and tactics.
- Divide and conquer: - The Spanish used tactics to exploit divisions between Filipino groups.
- Role of Christianity: - Christianization played a major role in weakening existing cultural structures and promoting Spanish dominance.
- Lack of unity: - Filipinos lacked a unified sense of national identity making resistance difficult.
- Filipino hospitality: - Filipino hospitality toward new arrivals was exploited by the Spanish.
- Reduccion and plaza complex: - The Spanish utilized these policies to isolate and control native populations.
- Role of traditional leaders: - Some traditional leaders collaborated with the Spanish, weakening resistance.
Effects of Spanish Colonization
- Socioeconomic: -
- High taxation
- The establishment of government monopolies
- Limited agricultural and commercial development
- Religion: -
- Introduction and establishment of Roman Catholicism
- Political:
- Loss of Filipino freedom
- Spanish established a highly centralized government with a bureaucratic structure
- The Catholic Church held significant political influence.
- Cultural:
- Adoption of Spanish surnames
- Changes in Filipino dress and fashion
- Emergence of a Mestizo class
- Dissemination of the Spanish language
- Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
- Introduction of Spanish cuisine
- Celebration of fiestas and Christmas
- Educational:
- Establishment of boys' colleges and religious schools
- Introduction of Spanish literature and art
- Exclusive schools for Spaniards' sons and daughters
- Use of corporal punishment in schools
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Description
Explore the key economic, political, and religious motivations behind the Spanish colonization efforts. Understand how the quest for resources, the impact of the Reconquista, and significant treaties shaped this historical period. This quiz highlights the interconnected factors that led to Spain's expansive exploration and colonization.
