SPA 4250: Introduction to Speech Disorders

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Questions and Answers

What is primarily assessed during the Prelinguistic Development stage?

Vocalizations before first words (correct)

Production of minimal pairs

Categorical perception of speech sounds

Stable phonetic forms

Which sounds are most frequently included in utterances during babbling?

/n, p, j, w, s/

/b, c, f, q, r/

/s, k, j, p, t/

/m, t, g, h, d/ (correct)

At what age range does Phonemic Contrast typically develop?

5-10 months

6-8 months

1-3 months

10-22 months (correct)

Which of the following best describes Categorical Perception in infants?

Distinguishing between similar speech sounds Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the emergence of first words in infants?

They must have a stable phonetic form. Signup and view all the answers

Which development theory suggests a gradual increase in complexity of speech skills?

Continuity Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term 'Phonetic period' in the context of phonological development?

The period associated with the sensorimotor aspects of sound production Signup and view all the answers

At what age can infants typically distinguish between sounds in languages other than their native language?

6-8 months Signup and view all the answers

At what age is complete mastery of speech typically observed?

7-8 years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes phonological awareness?

Manipulating sounds beyond their meaning Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of speech development during the preschool years?

Significant vocabulary growth Signup and view all the answers

Which sounds are typically predominant in a child's initial phonetic inventory?

Bilabial and alveolar stops and nasals Signup and view all the answers

What is an important aspect of phonological awareness in preschool years?

Involves playing with sounds and recognizing rhymes Signup and view all the answers

By what age is the phonological system almost complete?

5 years Signup and view all the answers

What kind of sound production is typically absent in children's early speech?

Affricate sounds Signup and view all the answers

What phonetic characteristics are common in 3-year-olds during speech development?

Substitutions for voiced and unvoiced 'th' Signup and view all the answers

What does blending and segmentation in phonological processes involve?

Breaking down and combining sounds Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by children being largely intelligible by unfamiliar raters?

Complex sentence structures Signup and view all the answers

What marks the transition from the prelinguistic to the linguistic stage of acquisition?

The child's use of phonetic productions in meaningful words. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with the first word a child produces?

Complex syntax. Signup and view all the answers

What type of sounds are predominantly found in the first words produced by children?

Front consonants and low, non-rounded vowels. Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does a child begin to produce small sentences with beginnings of grammar?

Phase 3: Growth in the inventory. Signup and view all the answers

What do fetuses primarily respond to before birth?

Lower frequencies. Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is characterized during the vocal play stage (4-6 months)?

Engaging in variations of intonation patterns. Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the jargon stage typically occur?

12 months and beyond. Signup and view all the answers

During the reflexive stage (birth to 2 months), which of the following sounds is primarily produced?

Vegetative sounds. Signup and view all the answers

Which phonological feature develops prior to distinctions in front-back vowel placement?

Height differences in vowels. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of the babbling stage (6-11 months)?

Repetitive consonant-vowel patterns. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Speech Disorders

The course is SPA 4250, Introduction to Speech Disorders
Instructor: Supraja Anand, PhD

Developments in Speech Production

Structural, perceptual, and phonological development significantly change from infancy to adulthood.
Structures like hard palate, velum, mandible, tongue, hyoid bone, epiglottis, and larynx are involved in speech production.
Shape, size, and function of these structures change greatly from infancy to adulthood.

Perceptual Development

Categorical perception (1-3 months): Recognizing differences between similar speech sounds.
Non-native discrimination (up to 6-8 months): Ability to distinguish sounds from other languages.
Perceptual consistency (5-10 months): Identifying the same sound from different speakers.
Phonemic contrast (10-22 months): Differentiating syllables that differ by a single sound (minimal pairs).

Phonological Development

Prelinguistic development precedes linguistic development.
Vocalizations (before first words) are characterized by stages, explained by theories like discontinuity and continuity.
Prelinguistic development encompasses reflexive sounds, cooing, laughter, play, babbling, and jargon.
Consonant-like sounds, vowels, and vowel-like sounds are seen during the prelinguistic stage.
95% of babbling includes sounds like /h, d, b, m, t, g, w, n, k, j, p, s/.
Syllable structures like V, CV, VCV, CVCV are common.
Prosody is observed and is an important precursor.
Stages of pre-linguistic development, including reflexing stage, cooing, vocal play, canonical babbling, and jargon.

Typical Developmental Order

Nasals
Plosives
Glides
Fricatives
Affricates

Linguistic Development

First words typically emerge around 12 months.
A first word must have a consistent phonetic form and must resemble the adult form.
Phonetically consistent forms must have stable phonetic form.

Four Stages of Phonological Development

Phase 1: Foundations for speech (0-1.5 years): Focuses on the sensorimotor aspects of sound production (phonetic period), pre-linguistic.
Phase 2: Transitions from sounds to words (~1-2 years): Children use sounds to convey meaning, (phonemic period).
Phase 3: Growth in the inventory (2-5 years): Children learn all phonemes, combine words into sentences, and develop grammar & syntax.
Phase 4: Mastery of speech and literacy (5+ years): Develops suprasegmentals, polysyllabic words, and literacy skills.

Phase 1: Perception

Perception begins prenatally (fetuses).
Fetuses respond best to lower frequencies, preparing them for speech perception.
Infants prefer voices to other sounds.
By the first year, infants are more attuned to their native language.

Phase 1: Production

Reflexive: Automatic responses (e.g., vegetative sounds).
Non-reflexive: Voluntary responses (e.g., vocal play).
Stages of pre-linguistic production.

First 50 Words

Typically lasts from the first word to two-word combinations.
Phonetic variations during this period.
Limitations in syllable structure (e.g., CVC).
Certain sounds (e.g., affricates) may be missing in this period.

Preschool Years

Typical development at 36 months - speech and language inventory expands.
Sounds include palatals, fricatives, liquids, final sounds.
Increase in cluster use.

The School-Aged Child

By age 5, most can converse freely.
Pronunciation patterns might still differ from the adult form.
Aspects of prosodic development are developing.
Phonological system is mainly complete at this age but might need refinement.

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Description

Explore the fascinating developments in speech production as part of the course SPA 4250, Introduction to Speech Disorders. This quiz covers changes in structural, perceptual, and phonological aspects from infancy to adulthood, along with critical concepts like categorical perception and phonemic contrast. Test your understanding of how speech abilities evolve through different stages of life.