Questions and Answers
Which of the following defines irrigation?
What is the main purpose of irrigation scheduling?
Which approach considers the depletion of available soil moisture?
What does the IW/CPE ratio indicate in irrigation scheduling?
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Which of the following is true about Parshall Flume?
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How many litres are in 1 Cumec?
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What is the significance of the critical stage approach in irrigation?
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Which crop density is associated with hybrid cotton?
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Which wavelength inhibits germination?
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What is the optimum sowing depth for most field crops?
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Which type of germination involves the cotyledons remaining below the soil?
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What is the main purpose of thinning and gap filling in intercultural operations?
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What depth is classified as shallow ploughing according to CRIDA?
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What is the desirable depth of ploughing for field crops?
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Which crop typically has a root depth of 30-60 cm?
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How many plants per hectare are recommended for short duration rice variety?
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What is a significant disadvantage of broadcasting seeds?
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Which method allows seeds to be placed at a desired depth?
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Which is NOT a disadvantage of dibbling?
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What is a key advantage of using the drill sowing method?
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What crops are commonly sown using the method of sowing behind the plough?
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What is a distinctive feature of the dibbling method?
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Which disadvantage is associated with broadcasting seeds?
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Which of the following statements about drill sowing is TRUE?
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What does the term 'base period' refer to in irrigation?
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Which crop has the highest water use efficiency according to the provided data?
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In the context of irrigation, what is 'Kor watering'?
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What does the symbol Δ represent in irrigation terminology?
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What is the quantity equivalent to one cumec day in irrigation?
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Which of the following is NOT considered an effective rain according to the context provided?
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What is the definition of 'duty of water (D)' in irrigation?
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What does 'Paleo Irrigation' refer to?
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What is one major disadvantage of the drilling method of planting?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of transplanting?
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What is a key advantage of the rectangular method of sowing?
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What is a significant drawback of nursery transplanting?
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Which planting method does NOT have a structured spacing for plants?
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In which scenario would the paired row arrangement be implemented?
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What is the purpose of the transplanting shock period?
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What determines the area required for nursery beds in transplanting?
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Study Notes
Sowing Methods
Broadcasting
- Definition: Random sowing method; seeds are scattered over the field.
- Characteristics: Predominantly used in India due to low cost and labor requirements.
- Technique: Effective when cross-sown in perpendicular directions for uniform density.
- Seed Treatment: For sesame, seed-sand ratio of 1:10 or 1:15 is recommended.
- Disadvantages: Non-uniform seed-soil contact, insufficient germination rates, increased seed usage, and lodging issues.
Dibbling
- Definition: Planting seeds at specific depths by inserting them into holes.
- Suitable for: Larger seeds and crops like sorghum, maize, and sunflower with widely spaced planting.
- Advantages: Enhances uniformity, improves germination rates, and reduces seed consumption.
- Disadvantages: Labor-intensive, time-consuming, and more expensive.
Sowing Behind the Plough
- Definition: Seeds are placed in furrows made by the plough and covered as the next furrow is created.
- Crops: Commonly used for red gram, cowpea, and groundnut.
- Major Crop: Groundnut is predominantly sowed using this method.
- Mechanization: Utilizes a seed drill for efficient sowing by placing seeds at the correct depth.
- Advantages: Proper depth placement and suitable for a variety of seeds like maize and millets.
Drill Sowing
- Definition: Seeds are dropped at specific depths and covered with soil.
- Method: Implements are utilized for precise sowing into soil rows.
- Spacing: Allows for continuous planting in designated rows.
Irrigation
Definition and Sources
- Irrigation: Artificially adds water to crops to complement rainfall and groundwater.
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Sources:
- Surface: Rivers, lakes, canals
- Underground: Wells, tubewells
Irrigation Scheduling Approaches
- Transpiration Ratio: Water amount transpired per unit of dry matter produced.
- Soil Moisture Deficit: Recommended moisture depletion levels for crops like maize and wheat.
- Climatological: Based on soil moisture stress index (IW/CPE ratio).
- Critical Stage: Identifies timings when water shortages significantly impact crop growth.
Measurement of Irrigation Water
- Cusec: 1 Cusec = 28.3 liters
- Cumec: 1 Cumec = 1000 liters
Water Measurement Methods
- Orifices & Weirs: Used for measuring flow in streams and irrigation channels.
- Parshall Flume: Effective for shallow irrigation channels.
Crop Plant Density
- Plant density can vary by crop type and variety; e.g., cotton requires between 18,518 and 55,555 plants per hectare based on type.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Drill Sowing
- Advantages: Reduces seed quantity and allows for simultaneous application of fertilizers and amendments.
- Disadvantages: Labor-intensive, time-consuming, and higher cost.
Transplanting
- Process: Involves raising seedlings on nursery beds before transplanting into the field.
- Timing: Seedlings should be 1/4th of the overall crop duration.
- Crop Examples: Common in paddy, vegetables, and fruits.
- Advantages: Optimizes plant populations and reduces management requirements in the main field.
- Disadvantages: Expensive and labor-intensive.
Crop Geometries
- Broadcasting: Results in irregular spacing and resource inefficiencies.
- Square Geometry: Plants are spaced evenly, increasing light availability and enhancing mechanization.
- Rectangular Method: Features rows and columns with varied spacings; primarily for annual crops.
Terminology
- Nominal Duty: Area to be irrigated compared to mean supply discharge.
- Kor Watering: Refers to initial watering specifics for crop growth.
- Base Period: Total duration of crop cultivation including all irrigation phases.
- Delta (Δ): Total water depth required by a crop expressed in centimeters.
Water Use Efficiency
- Finger Millet shows the highest water use efficiency at 13.4 kg/ha mm, while rice has the lowest at 3.7 kg/ha mm.
Development of Irrigation and Rainfall
- Rainfall: Defined as precipitation with drops larger than 0.5 mm; critical for agricultural water supply.
Germination
- Definition: Process of seed sprouting into a plant.
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Types:
- Epigeal: Cotyledons above the ground (e.g., beans, castor).
- Hypogeal: Cotyledons remain below the soil (e.g., maize, groundnut).
Plant Population
- Identifies optimal plant numbers for maximum output; excess can reduce overall biomass.
Intercultural Operations
- Thinning and Gap Filling: Address planting gaps within 15 days of sowing.
- Earthing Up: Performed 6-8 weeks post-sowing to support crop growth.
Depth of Ploughing
- Recommended ploughing depth varies from 12 to 20 cm based on crop root zones.
Root Depth of Field Crops
- Ranges from 30 cm for shallow-rooted crops to 90 cm for deep-rooted species like cotton and maize.
Plant Population and Spacing (According to TNAU)
- Different rice varieties have specific plant populations and spacing requirements, ranging from 3,33,000 to 6,66,666 plants per hectare.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various sowing methods, including broadcasting, the most widely used method in India. This quiz covers the definition, method, and best practices for seed treatment. Challenge yourself to understand these essential agricultural techniques.